Personal Narrative My Mom And Dad Essay - 1219 Words

Researchers have always said that opposites attract. They couldn’t have been more right in my parents’ case. My mom and dad have many differences and few similarities, but they get along all the same. My mom is very timely, organized, quiet, and conservative; whereas, my father is the complete opposite of all of these traits. One similarity they have is that they both love to be active and outside. My mother and father go together like icing and cupcakes, but despite their compatible traits, like being sporty, they have very different personalities and views. Ever since I can remember my mom has always been in great shape. She loves to be outside and play sports. When I was five she started a summer volleyball league, and recently she started a winter league as well. She plays volleyball year round and it keeps her in great shape. My family has always been active, and it was always nice to have someone play outside with me. My mom is also a fitness junkie and loves to w orkout. She always drinks protein smoothies in the morning and runs on the treadmill after work. As a family we all enjoy to be outside and do yard work, and my mom loves to tend to the garden and pull weeds. My family has always enjoyed being outside rather than inside. Very similar to my mom, my dad loves to have fun outdoors too. He is very muscular and likes to workout. My dad is also on the same volleyball league as my mom, and they enjoy bonding while they get to play. They are a great duo on theShow MoreRelatedIllness Narrative Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesMy Illness Narrative Sharing and listening to the illness narratives in class is an experience that I do not think I could ever forget. Listening to people share their raw emotions and stories of struggle and illness was eye opening, My own illness narrative could be described as a quest narrative and more specifically an automythology. This is because as I stated in my presentation, I became a better person, adopted skills that helped me deal with my father’s illness, understood what it is likeRead MoreHarmony at Home1225 Words   |  5 Pagesmore interesting essays in Rereading America by Colombo, Cullen, and Lisle was â€Å"Looking for Work† by Gary Soto. â€Å"Looking for Work† is a narrative of a nine year old Mexican American boy who really desires his family to be the perfect family. His assertion is that he is looking back on his childhood, but tells the story as a child’s point of view. The narrative is placed in the nineteen fifty’s, and focuses on his famil y experience. The essay indicates the boy lives with his mother, sister, andRead MoreThe Concept Theory Of Self1166 Words   |  5 PagesI was growing up my parents had and still a very turbulent relationship. My parents kept me pretty sheltered from it all, but a person can only hide so much for so long. My dad has a drug problem and my mom has a problem with that, along with some other things. I still, to this day, do not know why my mom stays with him. I love both of my parents a lot and know that they will always and have always done everything they can for my siblings and I, but I know how unhappy my mom is and it alwaysRead MoreEssay Personal Narrative- My Discovery While Fishing with Dad639 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal Narrative- My Discovery While Fishing with Dad â€Å"Go get in the boat,† I told my twenty month old son, Adam. I finished grabbing his lifejacket, toys and the snacks out of the car. I caught up to him just before the dock. â€Å"Do you need help up?† I asked him, stooping down to his level. He replied by lifting his arms up. We walked down the flimsy dock with me balancing everything and stopped when we reached the boat. â€Å"Will you help him into the boat?† I asked my mom. â€Å"SureRead MoreAnthropology : An Intimate Ethnography733 Words   |  3 PagesEthnography I remember it like it was yesterday. I was driving to Mount Shasta with my friend, Marley, and her parents for the weekend. It was about a four-and-a-half-hour car ride full of two eight year olds giggling in the back of the car and two parents blasting Disney radio in the front seats. Marley’s mom’s phone rings and she picks it up as we continue to sing our young hearts out to the Jonas Brothers. All of a sudden my friend and I hear her mother shriek with a pain we have never heard before. HerRead MorePersonal Narrative Essay - Original Writing1716 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Narrative We all like to pretend that we have control over our lives. Being in control makes us feel powerful, like we are ready for anything. With everything that goes on in the world we never can truly be in full control of our lives, but the moments that we felt we were in control are looked back as good times in our lives. Of course, it’s the moments where we lose control that stick with us the most. The day I found out I would lose my dad for a year started a little differently thanRead MorePersonal Narrative Essay - Original Writing1716 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Narrative We all like to pretend that we have control over our lives. Being in control makes us feel powerful, like we are ready for anything. With everything that goes on in the world we never can truly be in full control of our lives, but the moments that we felt we were in control are looked back as good times in our lives. Of course, it’s the moments where we lose control that stick with us the most. The day I found out I would lose my dad for a year started a little differentlyRead MoreThe Worst Day Of My Life712 Words   |  3 PagesPERSONAL NARRATIVE It was a hot sunny day. The sun blazed like crazy. That was the day a special girl was born. â€Å"When is it coming? When is it coming?,† I said as I scrambled out of the bedroom. The day all started when I found out my mother was in the hospital. I was extremely excited because a new girl was coming into the family. We still didn’t know what her name would be. When she was born, everyone suggested many names, but I knew exactly what I was going to call her. This was the best dayRead MoreOutline Of Narrative Of Phylicia My Wife 1542 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Personal narrative Phylicia, my wife, was in class in West Mesquite High school in Texas, like usual. During a break given to her by her teacher she found her group of girls she always talked to. They started to have small talk and to make jokes. The chuckles of young school girls could be heard throughout the entire class room. One of the girls made a comment that shifted the conversation. â€Å"Who do you live with?† asked one of the girls to Phylicia. â€Å"I live with my mom and stepdad†Read MoreSeize the Opportunity Essay1746 Words   |  7 PagesOpportunities come and go and I am here in the University writing my first paper because I have decided to seize the opportunity. My family will be proud and in turn I will be proud as I walk this journey of achievement. While reading this paper, I will lead you on a short narrative of my personal life experiences this far. I will help you to get to know me and understand who I am as a wife, mother and now a college student. Included are examples of adult development theories I have learned over

The Effects Of Urban Renewal And The Freeway Systems

Chicanos in the United States have had similar experiences as a culture and as a people when it comes to the space around them. For many Chicanos during the 1820s, the creation of Olvera St. shaped their homes and lives around it while Chicanos in the post-war era have seen the effects of urban renewal and the freeway systems as it has slithered through and around their built environment. The tourist attraction Olvera St. not only produced economic benefits, but it as well brought an oppressive theme of Spanish fantasy past. Renovations and attempts at modernity by the hands of the government led to segregation and displacement to the Chicano population within and around the Los Angeles area. Olvera Street was built with inclination of an economic gain, and through its process hid the racial politics of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Olvera Street was planned out by Christine Sterling who had a vision, â€Å"a Mexican street of yesterday in a city of today† (Carpio lecture week 3). With profit in mind, Olvera Street worked as a tourist attraction in Los Angeles with the help of Union Station opening during that period (Carpio, lecture week 3). Puestos and shops were placed down the street to sell typical Mexican commodities and were meant to give Mexican families in need jobs within those shops (Kropp 8). Sterling used her charity rhetoric to conceal the racial meanings of Chicano people as disposable because the jobs given to the families at these puestos reflected thisShow MoreRelatedThe Urban Expansion Of Portland Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pagesthe past fifty years due to an influx of population growth that led the city to go from a modest 370,000 people to over 500,000 people today. Portland was forced to make some key urban planning decisions to accommodate its growing population, which ultimately forced expansion of its network of public transportation systems. The city’s actions toward suburban growth created the organized and prosperous Portland of today. In the 1960s and 70s, Portland experienced significant expansion in its technologyRead MoreUrban Renewal1837 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is Urban renewal? Discuss the issues and strategies of urban renewal of a state capital. Urban renewal is a program of land re-development in areas of moderate to high density urban land use. It can be envisaged as the physical and infrastructural changes in land use, built environment or intensity of the use of land or building that could be considered as inevitable outcome of the action from economic, social, political, technical and environmental forces acting upon urban areas at differentRead MoreThe Problems Of Urban Rot2047 Words   |  9 Pages For many years, Detroit has been described as the â€Å"Come Back City†. A presumption will be made that the significant reasons for urban rot are, among potential others are evolving demographics, deindustrialization, political disappointment, poor urban arranging, and racial separation. Detroit can still be viewed as a beautiful city full of culture and art, both in its stately decay and in its growing natural abundance. Indeed, Detroit remains to be one of the finest sights to be seen with a littleRead More The Politics of Representation: Social Work Lessons From the Advocacy Planning Movement3176 Words   |à ‚  13 PagesThe Politics of Representation: Social Work Lessons From the Advocacy Planning Movement In urban plannings new political awareness, representation became a social responsibility issue. This new understanding of politics and social responsibility in urban planning may have brought boundary interaction between planners and other professions, such as social work†¦ Introduction In his 1995 article, Andrew Abbott explores his evolving conception of the social work profession. As we approachRead MoreSub-urbanization in America Essay3285 Words   |  14 Pageson such a larger scale can be pointed at four aspects of metropolitan areas also pointed out in Jackson=s work on suburbanization. The first on is that Americans have such low density residential areas, and often their is not a distinction between urban and rural. Our cities were laid out over space, with even New York City and Philadelphia not as densely populated as some cities in Europe. The next distinguishing factor is a want to own a home. At least two-thirds of all Americans own their ownRead MoreA New Economic Vision For America s Infrastructure4827 Words   |  20 Pagespreferences for urban living— they share one underlying need: modern, efficient, and reliable infrastructure. Tangible assets made of concrete, steel, and fiber-optic cable are essential building blocks of the American economy. Infrastructure enables global trade, powers businesses, connects workers to their jobs, creates new opportunities for struggling communities, and protects America from an unpredictable natural environment. From private investments in telecommunication systems, broadband networksRead MoreDesign Management for American Apparel7025 Words   |  29 Pagesbegan to experiment with screen printing, importation, and other parts of the clothing business. In 1997 the company moved to Los Angeles where Charney began to sub-contract sewing with Sam Lim who had a shop with 50 workers under the Interstate 10 freeway in LA. This then encouraged the two of them to become partners. In 2000 American Apparel moved into its current factory in downtown Los Angeles where it grew primarily as a wholesale business, selling blank t-shirts to screen printers, uniforms forRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesRevisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and PastoralRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesRiver, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department

Death of a Salesman (Bernard) Free Essays

In ‘Death of a Salesman’ written by Arthur Miller, Bernard is shown as a tremendously memorable character. Throughout the play, his contradictions to Biff, poor judgments of him and his parent- like personality are well presented. By using the character, Miller tries to convey the moral messages and develops an attention grabbing plot First, Bernard’s contradictory character compared to Biff, makes him memorable. We will write a custom essay sample on Death of a Salesman (Bernard) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bernard is literally everything that Biff is not. Biff is a high school football star while Bernard is just an ordinary and unpopular student. Biff is more likely to be immoral while Bernard truly worries and being realistic about him. For instance, Bernard says ‘Listen, Biff, I heard Mr. Birnbaum say that if you don’t start studyin’ math he’s gonna flunk you, and you won’t graduate. I heard him! ’ The quote shows Bernard is very aware of Biffs’ gloomy future and also somehow predicts substantially different futures of those two characters. The audiences may feel a sense of relief toward Bernard as he is the only one, who actually shows the real world and eventually becomes successful than any other characters in the play. By using the character Bernard, Miller tries to convey the message of success has got nothing to do with the glorious past. In fact, Biff fails to seek his own career and live a life that is totally opposing to Willy’s expectations. Furthermore, the fact that Bernard was one of the underdogs makes the character memorable. In the play, most of characters did not expect Bernard to be prosperous and used to mock him with his sophisticated outlooks. A good illustration of this is when Willy says ‘That’s just what I mean. Bernard can get the best marks in school, y’understand, but when he gets out in the business world, y’understand, you are going to be five times ahead of him. ’ It clearly shows Willy’s pessimistic opinions to Bernard’s future. The phrase ‘five times ahead’ also portrays Bernard is treated as a sort of failure which is the most unlikely word to describe his future career. Mockeries about Bernard continue with other characters. For example, as he tries to find Biff and teach him some math, Happy tauntingly says ‘Let’s box, Bernard! ’ He makes fun of Bernard by looking his overly academic attitude. Audiences feel a sense of sympathy toward Bernard due to harsh judgments on him. However as the play continues, they soon find out that Bernard is the only character who achieved triumph in the play. By using Bernard’s underrated pasts, Miller highlights the insignificance of judging and prejudice. Willy’s huge astonishments to sophisticated Bernard also supports Miller’s message. Lastly, Bernard’s realistic characteristics make him memorable. In the play, he is one of the few solid people. Unlikely to unstable Willy, Bernard approach the world in a more realistic way. For example, he says ‘â€Å"Just because he printed University of Virginia on his sneakers doesn’t mean they’ve got to graduate him. Uncle Willy! The quote portrays Bernard’s sensible characteristics which attempts Biff to choose the right path. By mentioning ‘Uncle Willy! ’ Bernard also tries to change Willy’s ignorant attitude towards poor academic achievements of his son as well as his impracticable definition of success. His humble characteristics and giving some realistic advices to Willy also differentiate him from other characters. For instance, Bernard replies ‘How are you? Good to see you. ’ as Willy enters his office. It strongly contrasts with Howard ruthless treatments that Willy has received. The audiences probably feel impressed to Bernard’s warm and sensible personality. Those personalities technically make Bernard to perform a parental role instead of overly idealistic Willy who just expects unrealistic dreams to happen. To conclude, Miller’s wide use of Bernard make the character very significant and memorable, Miller also use this character to convey his moral messages of success and judgments to audiences. How to cite Death of a Salesman (Bernard), Papers

The Arena Sensory Overload Expository Place Desc Essay Example For Students

The Arena Sensory Overload Expository Place Desc Essay riptive EssaysThe Arena Sensory Overload Standing here, in this arena thats larger than five of my houses,I feel like a needle in a haystack. So many people surround me its likeIm a little grain of sand in a huge ocean. The people in the round gymnasiumall form a crimson, white, and blue rainbow. Their shirts mesh togetherlike a finely woven shirt with different colors strings. Smelling theconcession stand foods, makes me feel like a starving child. The aroma ofthe melted cheese on nachos, makes me want to be outside having a picnic. The smell of tenderly cooked hot-dogs makes my stomach growl wishing I hadsome. I can taste the hamburgers as somebody walks by with one. The warmmeat, with a sweet barbecue sauce is delicious. Then, a man on a loud intercom yells for the players to come out. The roar of the people surrounding me is like being right behind the jet ofan airplane. The deafening noise makes me squint my eyes. I open themthough and stand of the lightly cushioned seat. I clap my hands along withthe other fans, and my hands feel greasy after just eating a hot piece ofpizza. My mouth still has the pasty, saucy taste of the slice in my mouth. I look down towards the court where the players have now started shootingbaskets. Their brightly colored uniforms stand out in the glare of thespotlights above. The court has a waxy look, like it was just swept, andthe glass backboards, have a shine as bright as a new car. The band starts playing a song and the crowd swings their arms backand forth through the air. The mass of people moving looks like a field ofwheat blowing in a spring breeze. A lady rubs up against me as she movesdown the aisle. Her jeans have cracks, and they feel as dry as a lizardsskin that has spent the day in the desert. Her sweatshirt contrasts thedry feeling of the jeans. It is made of a soft cotton that makes me thinkof a bunnys fur. Then a man in front of me comes to his seat with a glassof lemonade. The tangy smell makes me squint thinking somebody runningtheir fingernails down a chalkboard. And then the game ends. The crowd all wearing smiles like they hadjust one a prize. Few others, scream and pout as they waddle down thestairs to the doorway. The noise has greatly decreased giving my ears arest. It is down to a dull roar, like a breeze blowing around leaves. Myfeet and hands ache from being pounded for nearly three hours. Passing thebathroom, a dirty, smell flies in the air. It is like walking through anold abandoned building that hasnt been cleaned in years. And then I stepoutside. And smell the fresh air. And my mind clears. Remembering timesin an empty park on a spring day. I watch car after car pass by whilewalking to mine. Some are brightly polished, reflecting the sun. Othershave of dull, dusty look. Every few cars make a sharp squeak as they brake. The exhaust fills the air and makes me think of a grimy factory. And thenI reach my car. Sitting in the warm, soft seat, I lost my thoughts and fall asleep.

Introduction of 4ps free essay sample

Marketing The 4 Ps of marketing are Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. Think of each of these as a variable which you control. The idea is to set these variables in such a way so that sales will take place. You cannot make a customer pull out her credit card, but you can certainly help her in coming to a decision by setting the right price, the retail location, the level of advertising and even product attributes such as colour or perceived quality. You control everything but the customer herself. These variables are all interdependent. Taken together, they constitute a certain mix. This is often referred to as the marketing mix. In defining this mix it is also necessary to take into account your competitors mix as well as your overall corporate goals and objectives. The idea is to come up with a mix that will clearly differentiate your products from those of your competitors while considering your corporate goals. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction of 4ps or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, your company may wish to offer a high-end luxury type of product since your competitors are addressing the mass market and this is consistent with your companys goal of owning  the market for top-of-the-line products of this category. Definition of 4P’s Product: The marketing mix concept has its roots in the 1950s U. S. corporate marketing world, and the practice of marketing has obviously evolved tremendously since this term was invented. One of the changes is that there are a lot more services available nowadays, such as those available online. Also, the distinction between product and service has become more blurry. Either way, product here refers to products or services. The product or service you offer needs to be able to meet a specific, existing market demand. Or, you need to be able to create a market niche through building a strong brand. Price: The price you set for your product or service plays a large role in its marketability. Pricing for products or services that are more commonly available in the market is more elastic, meaning that unit sales will go up or down more responsively in response to price changes. By contrast, those products that have a generally more limited availability in the market are more inelastic, meaning that price changes will not affect unit sales very much. The price elasticity of your product or service can be determined through various market testing techniques. Place: This term really refers to any way that the customer can obtain a product or receive a service. Provision of a product or service can occur via any number of distribution channels, such as in a retail store, through the mail, via downloadable files, on a cruise ship, in a hair salon, and so on The ease and options through which you can make your product or service available to your customers will have an effect on your sales volume. Promotion: Promotion is concerned with any vehicle you employ for getting people to know more about your product or service. Advertising, public relations, point-of-sale displays, and word-of-mouth promotion are all traditional ways for promoting a product. Promotion can be seen as a way of closing the information gap between would-be sellers and would-be buyers. Your choice of a promotional strategy will be dependent upon your budget, the type of product or service you are selling, and availability of said promotional vehicle.

Essay on SUNFLOWER SEEDS by Chinese artist Ai WeiweiEssay Writing Service

Essay on SUNFLOWER SEEDS by Chinese artist Ai WeiweiEssay Writing Service Essay on SUNFLOWER SEEDS by Chinese artist Ai Weiwei Essay on SUNFLOWER SEEDS by Chinese artist Ai WeiweiSunflower Seeds is an installation of the famous contemporary Chinese conceptualist artist Ai Weiwei (1957) first opened in 2010 in the Turbine Hall of London contemporary art gallery Tate Modern. Through his installation the Chinese dissident artist transmits a variety of meanings to the audience, ideological values and beliefs of different levels. What we see is surely directly affected by what we know and what we believe as Berger (8) reasonably marks, and on a whole, this masterpiece of minimalism truly combines a huge variety of ideas and themes, strategies and tactics of the artist, who manages to be both a traditionalist and an innovator, domestic and cosmopolitan, esthete and politician, individualist and social activist. Being the way to satirize and dramatize over China’s revolutionary past, Sunflower Seeds is also a work to glorify Chinese traditions and Chinese people, as well as think over the contemporaneity and future of global civilization in general.The project is presented in the form of more than 100 million porcelain sunflower seeds strewn over the area of the largest hall of the museum. Porcelain sunflower seeds cover an area of 1000 square meters with a 10 cm layer and weigh about 150 tons. The uniqueness of this exhibit is that each seed is full sized and is hand-made by from china by artisans from Jingdezhen, the homeland of the famous Chinese porcelain. More than half a million Chinese workers worked on the exposition for 2.5 years. Each element was made and painted individually using an old multi-step technology of porcelain processing, which makes the installation even more unique. According to Ai Weiwei, to understand China with its history it is not enough to read books about it, it is necessary to see everything live, to be able to â€Å"touch† the history, therefore in the first days of the display the installation was not fenced, i.e. viewers could go through this â€Å"boundless, gray sea† and form their own ways of seeing.Thus, on the surface is the idea that the porcelain seeds directly symbolize the millions of Chinese people, similar in appearance but different inside. At first glance, the seeds, the amount of which exceeds the population of Beijing five times, seem to be identical as people in the crowd, but each seed was made manually special and therefore none of the seeds is like another. In this way, Ai Weiwei fills minimalism with Chinese features: nowhere else but in China the aesthetics of ordered plurality can have such an obvious social and political meaning. In support of this idea, it should be noted that it is not the first time the artist addresses the myths and realities of Chinese multiplicity. During another of his outstanding exhibitions which took place three years before at the German festival Documenta and was called â€Å"Fairytale† Ai Weiwei declared that he would bring to Kassel 1001 Chinese providin g them with everything from tickets to luggage. The town where the Grimm brothers wrote their famous tales would have made fabulously happy the semiliterate peasants and workers, which simultaneously touched the issue of Western culturalization of ignorant nations, and current Chinese modernization because the current economic growth does not benefit ordinary people, and for them all kinds of Biennale and modernism are like fairy tales. By Sunflower Seeds, the artist also brings the question of the role of the individual, the little man in the modern fast-changing globalized world: there are billions of us, and we all are aimlessly scattered around the world just as these porcelain seeds, where masses suppress individuality and personality mutates into pulp (Weiwei).At the same time, this raises the issue of everyday hard work of millions of Chinese people, the issue of economics and resources of China. In particular, Ai Weiwei demonstrates how the work of many artisans from porcel ain cooperatives forms in a work of art into one unending rustle of porcelain shells. The room full of man-made seeds strikes the imagination, and the viewer leaves the hall realizing that the origins of the Chinese economic wonder lie in the hard work of the Chinese nation. In addition, porcelain (or china), at the time, became the synonym to China and Ai Weiwei used exclusively the traditional method of porcelain production, which historically has been among the most expensive Chinese exports. As Tate Modern review runs, â€Å"Sunflower Seeds† offer us a closer look at the phenomenon of â€Å"Made in China† and the geopolitics of cultural and economic exchange today. In particular, the audience is invited to think on the fact that Tate row for several years fed many anything but wealthy Chinese families. On the one hand, it is an irony about modern art launched on the conveyor and weary from the crisis of overproduction, when any commodity may become a spectacle (Deb ord 118). On the other hand, there is no cynicism towards the collective author, because the master shows an example of non-traditional use of traditional Chinese material. He believes that china could again find many applications in our modern lives, and teaches society to think big and creatively toward finding new meanings for traditional things.Some may compare the visual effect of the installation with late landscapes by Monet when impressionist tried to convey the water surface on canvas. However, most interpreters will probably see not a natural element in â€Å"Sunflower Seeds†, but the human drama. Indeed, at a deeper level, â€Å"Sunflower Seeds† is a reference to the Cultural Revolution in China 1966-76, and the chaos it spawned. At the time, the image of Mao Zedong on propaganda posters was likened to the sun, under which blossomed the people of China (Clunas 119). Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party was also portrayed surrounded by sunflowers with rays coming from Mao as if from the sun. In this regard, Chinese conceptual artist Ai Weiwei associates millions of sunflower seeds with the Chinese people ready to turn their heads after Mao and his legacy, whereas in real life for the people who experienced the agricultural experiments of the Great Leap Forward and the following years a handful of seeds could be salvation from starvation. In addition, for the old Chinese intellectuals the floor covered with spit husk which party activists often left after their meetings became a symbol of the new lumpen proletarian order of the 1960’s. Here the artist, who grew up in communist China, indulges in apprehension of this traumatic experience both in jest and earnest.Thus, Ai Weiwei’s art often formally relies on utopian ambitions of the â€Å"new world† of constructivism. At the same time, the artist creates subtle political works that take a critical stance against radical changes taking place in China. In general, th e works by Ai Weiwei are so simple and so symbolic that people even very far from the problems of contemporary art need no explanations of critics to understand the hidden meaning of his works and versatility of their message.

Econ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Econ - Essay Example As such both the anti-trust laws and intellectual property right laws are at odds with each other due to their potential differences. Though both the legal regimes may seem quite non-relative with each other as intellectual property rights deal with the protection of certain rights over any kind of technological or other advances made whereas the anti-trust laws specifically deal with the competition and how market should be regulated. It is however, argued that both are linked in the sense that government attempt to create so called justified value in the market in a bid to unite the market. This paper will discuss the paradox of what intellectual property rights and anti-trust laws prevent and permit respectively and how this paradox can be solved. Intellectual Property Rights and Anti-trust laws Intellectual property rights are given in order to provide exclusive rights for different intangible assets to the owners of these assets. Most commonly Intellectual Property Rights or IPR are granted by giving or registering patents, trademarks, copyrights as well as industrial design rights. It is however; critical to understand IPRs are becoming increasingly more important not just only in the trade related issues at the national and international level but they are also becoming a matter of daily routine. This aspect of the IPRs therefore makes them critically more important to gain increasingly more significance from the social perspective also. It is argued that there is no uniform definition or explanation of the intellectual property rights at the global level however, different agreements and treaties have actually being made in order to iron out the anomalies and bring in harmony at the national level in the intellectual property rights. World Intellectual Property Organization defines intellectual property rights as â€Å"creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images and designs used in commerce†. (WIPO). This definition is relatively different from what has been defined by World Trade Organization. Definition by WTO suggests that intellectual property rights give exclusive rights to the creators of mind’s inventions to use them for certain period of time. The above definitions therefore suggest that intellectual property rights and their legal implications are still to be defined in uniform manner. Anti-trust laws however, are related with the concept of competition which is purely and economic concept and refer to a market based mechanism. Under this mechanism, everyone is allowed to enter and trade in the market freely and without any restrictions and should be given equal treatment and fair chance to pursue one’s own economic interests. Competition however, also requires optimal allocation of resources and is considered only valuable when it is able to optimally allocate the resources in the market. What is also important to note that competition inherently require s that there should not be any barriers or unfair use of market power and use of unfair practices which can provide an unfair advantage to someone? Competition therefore advocates a fairly balanced and just market mechanism under which everyone is free to enter and exit the market

Information Studies Essay Exams Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Information Studies Exams - Essay Example The propensity for documents to be written and commented upon, another aspect that Brown discusses, has been greatly facilitated by the new generation of electronic documents. An electronic document is amenable to being processed and transmitted by electronic means. One of the major difficulties in moving away from physical to electronic documents stems from security concerns. In the case of physical documents, there is usually only one copy of sensitive information. This copy can be physically protected. In the case of electronic documents, theft of sensitive information is on the rise due to many reasons. The security of the documents and information are challenged by the proliferation of hackers and other forms of attack. Moreover, even where tight security measures are applied, these are, in many cases, restricted to storage and transmission of the documents only. Recipients of the information may unwittingly form breaches in the security system. At the same time, legislation such as the HIPAA makes it mandatory for organizations to take effective measures to protect the privacy of those dealing with them. Easy availability of information has also raised questions about governmental accountability against privacy of individuals. Government can access information about individuals more easily in the electronic age, and under certain circumstances officials of the government are authorized to do so. This creates a dilemma because it is very difficult to judge what constitutes essential intrusions into privacy. There are several social and ethical issues that arise as a result of increasing use of Information systems. The ethical issues broadly cover areas such as Information rights and obligations, property rights and obligations, and accountability. Cultural issues such as assimilation of technologies and development of trust, security issues that concern misuse or theft of information, and fraud, are some of the other

Leadership and Army Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership and Army - Essay Example In context of understanding human behavior, leadership has embraced this aspect as the very basis of its body of knowledge. Therefore, we will make use of the ideologies portrayed in works of movies and literature as we endeavor to study the dynamics of leadership. (Huckman, 2003) To start with, if we are look at our movies, we will find leadership qualities and the essence of army in this context well demonstrated in films like Minority Report. While the story of Minority Report as written by Phillip K Dick as a science fiction thriller, brought out the personal turmoil of a man in power - where the level of sacrifice is said to be greater; the movie had greater shades in terms of character and setting. This had a lot to do with the fact that the context of visualization had changed tremendously between the time when the story was written and actually portrayed on screen. Technology had greatly changed between 1956 and 2002. Minority Report is a multi dimensional film which chronicles the life of Precrime Officer Anderton (Tom Cruise). The movie continues over a vast canvas of colours, moods and personal dialogue, where the character, albeit a little softly in the beginning, treads through a morass of Michiavellian characters in the time of psychics or 'prec ogs' in Washington DC. (Spielberg, 2002) This journey brings him face to face with a discovery of personal strength and abilities wherein she must strategise where time and relationships are concerned. High level leaders, back stabbing subordinates and drama galore - the searing performance by Tom Cruise is one that does justice to every nuance of this film. Without being to obviously lofty, this film confronts the issues and challenges of leadership at a very basic level, with a strong element of reality thrown in. (Spielberg, 2002) Meanwhile, the book is the kind of reading that brings leadership and the inspiration to exercise the requisite qualities, to the masses even as it shows the possible reasons for discontent among high level leaders like generals in the army. It delves more on the role of the army rather than the characterization of Anderton. It demonstrates the ways and means in which a leader can keep his followers and men grounded and focussed, especially in times of high pressure and the temptation to succumb to countless problems and major adversity. The role of a leader is amplified in times of conflict and war with a greater demand on performance and output. Therefore, this volume is perfect in its thematic implications for the confrontation of leadership issues. (Dick, 1956) In accordance with the ideals of the story which are lacking in the actual film, in order to attain exponential growth in terms of effectiveness, a leader must, first and foremost delegate authority at the general's level. This has a two fold logic to it. First, it helps the leader tackle his work in a more organized manner, without compromising on the quality he churns out - when a leader has too much on his head, there are more chances that he will stumble. (Huckman, 2003) The other side to this is that when a leader manages to delegate authority which leads to the desired output, it shows that he has a commanding disposition and is fit to be a leader. Further, a leader must give orders in a tone that has underscores of compassion for fellow human beings and will power, in equal measures. This will not

Hyderabad city

Hyderabad city Introduction: Hyderabad, the capital city of the state of Andhra Pradesh is one of the fast growing urban assortments in India. It is located on the Deccan plateau which is in the southeast part of India and it is a typical inland city .Hyderabad has a semi-arid climate and an annual rain fall of 75 centimeters. The city of Hyderabad is famous for its lakes; it has about 5 lakes surrounding it. These lakes help in the water supply for the city of Hyderabad. Hyderabad has one of the most beautiful lakes with boating facilities for visitors. These places also offer sports like Para sailing, water scooter, etc. these lakes are home for many migrating birds. Hyderabad has a population of 5.2 million inhabitance that is the quarter of the population of the state of Andhra Pradesh and it has a population growth rate of 10% a year. Other than the population Hyderabad has an uncontrolled industrial growth in and around itself. Due to the population and the industries surrounding Hyderabad the demand for water supply is very high. The water that is necessary is provided by the river Musi and the 5 lakes surrounding it these 5 lakes are Hussain sagar Saroornagar lake Osman sagar Himyat sagar Shamirpet Lake These lakes in Hyderabad are manmade which serve the purpose of storage and supply of water of the great city of Hyderabad. Hyderabad gets its rain in the south west monsoon period in the Indian climatic chart. Most of the rain fall occurs in the months of June to September. What these lakes do is they store this rain water so it can be utilized in the time of need. Hyderabad is known as the â€Å"city of pearls†. The city is a major hub for information technology industries as well as pharmaceutical industries, biotech industries. Due to the presence of so many people and industries the demand for water supply is more, and this demand for water supply is provided by the lakes surrounding Hyderabad. (Ramachandraiah, C. and Sheela Prasad (2004, 2003)). The main water sources and the water suppliers for the city of Hyderabad comes from the various water projects that are surrounding it the following table will explain this Pressure On Water Use: Hyderabad is a large city with a huge population having many industries and a large agriculture area because of this water coming from a single source is not sufficient; this is where the lakes surrounding Hyderabad help. First we should identify the key water users who we need to supply water. The water that is supplied from these lakes is used for Agriculture Industries Household Recreation Environmental uses Agriculture: agriculture is essential for the production of food and to cultivate we need water. So the water that is stored in these lakes is supplied for agricultural purposes by using pipe lines but mostly in India water needed for agriculture is used from bore wells. In Hyderabad 35% of the water is supplied for agriculture. Industries: industries play a vital role in Hyderabad and Hyderabad is a place where new industries are being built every ware .in order for these industries to run sufficient water should be supplied. These industries are located in Patancheru, Bolaram, BHEL, Hi-tech city; generally 15% of the citys water is supplied to these areas. Household: 40% of the water that is being supplied to Hyderabad is used for household purposes .Since it is a city it contains many people and also because of the industries people will be visiting due to this a large amount of water is needed this water is supplied by the lakes surrounding it. Recreation: 5% of the water that is being supplied to Hyderabad is used for recreation purposes like water parks like Ocean Park; Jalvihar.This water is also used for golf course which is at Bolaram. The water used in swimming pools also comes under recreational purposes where Hyderabad ha s a lot of swimming pools around it. Environmental purposes: in this water usage includes artificial lakes intended to create wildlife habitat, fish ladders, and water releases from reservoirs timed to help fish spawn and the Hussain Sagar Lake was created mainly for this function and it is located in the center of the city. Demand /Supply Issues: For the city of Hyderabad there are many demand and water supply issues which need to be kept in mind considering the population and economic growth if we need to fix this problem we need to identify and develop new supply sources almost continually. Increase in population growth rate, overexploitation of ground water, poor sewage treatment, declining surface water resources and deterioration of ground water quality these are the major water related issues in Hyderabad. The major supply and demand issues and the factors that affect this for Hyderabad are concerned with the following Population growth: Hyderabad has a Population of 5.2 million and having a growth rate of 2.5% ever year is considered to be a large city and the population is very high because of this the supply and the demands needs of the citizens are not met correctly .Due to this large population supply of the required amount of water is very difficult. Increased affluence: This is also an issue due to the increase in population and poverty in India increasing affluence without doubt means more water consumption from needing clean fresh water 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and basic hygiene service. Rapid urbanization: Due to the rapid urbanization of the city of Hyderabad and its constant expansion because of this it requires investment in water infrastructure in order to deliver water to individuals and to process the concentrations of wastewater, because of this rapid urbanization the water supply to all the people is not going well and this has become a major issue. Expansion of business activity: since Hyderabad is a large city and a site for many businesses and industries and also the number of industries and businesses are growing in a constant rate due to this it will attract many people and it will lead to urbanization an increase in population and because of this increase there will be in issue for supply of water for all these people. Climate change: climatic change plays an important role in the supply of water for the city of Hyderabad every year the amount of rainfall is decreasing or due to the climate change the rainfall is not falling in the sufficient time. Because of this there is an issue in the supply of water for the city of Hyderabad. Pollution and water protection: Due to the dumping of pollution into the rivers and lakes that are produced by humans and industries surrounding Hyderabad the water in them cannot be used and the water protection is also not so grate so we cannot use this water, due to this the supply of water is gradually decreases. This is by far one of the major issues concerned with the water bodies surrounding Hyderabad. Pressures On Water Quality: In addition to encroachments, pollution of lake waters by untreated domestic sewage and toxic industrial effluents has been going on over the years in the city of Hyderabad. The lakes that used to provide drinking water do not do so now. First in the city of Hyderabad there were supposed to be six industrial areas but there are now twelve areas and also many of these industries are located near the lakes due to which all the lakes are getting polluted because of the wastes that are coming out from these industries. Because of these effluents that are coming out from the industries the lakes are becoming toxic and because of this toxicity the lakes are becoming devour of any life. Some of the important rivers polluted by the industrial effluents are Bollaram, Isakavagu, Nakkavagu, and Manjeera. A study conducted by HUDA showed that 18 water bodies we most polluted while 67 were less polluted and out of the 36 lakes only 6 lakes were in useable condition. The pollution control board was unsuccessful in implying the Environment Protection Act, 1986, the Water Act, 1974 and the Air Act, 1981.HUDA gave particulars abort 169 lakes covering an area of 90.56sq.km.amongs these 25 are private, 62 are governments and 82 are partly government partly private. According to the law these areas must be kept from any construction to prevent any type of pollutions to the lakes and to allow free flow of water into the lakes. There are about 200 Central and State laws to protect environment in India (Sinha, 2001:47). As per section 24 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, poisonous, noxious or polluting matter shall not be discharged, directly or indirectly, into water bodies, sewers or on land. Similarly, under sections 7 of the Environment Protection Act, 1986 Ã¢â‚¬Ë œno person carrying on any industry, operation or process shall discharge or emit or permit to be discharged or emitted any environmental pollutant in excess of such standards as may be prescribed (Divan and Rosencrantz, 2001: 653, 676).The government of Indias (GOI, 1992) policy statement on abatement of pollution declares four guiding principles with the objective of integrating environmental considerations into decision making (Ibid.: 36): (i) prevention of pollution at source, (ii)adoption of the best available technology, (iii) the polluter pays principle, and (iv) public participation in decision making Referencing: Ramachandraiah, C. and Sheela Prasad (2004) â€Å"Impact of Urban Growth on Water Bodies: The Case of Hyderabad†, Working Paper No. 60, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad. Ramachandraiah, C. (2003): â€Å"Urbanisation and Urban Services†, in Hanumantha Rao, C.H. and S. Mahendra Dev (eds.) Andhra Pradesh Development: Economic Reforms and Challenges Ahead, CESS, Hyderabad. Sinha, S. (2001) ‘Environmental Protection: Role of Constitutional Courts, in Contribution of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in the Development of Constitutional Law, High Court of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. GoI, (1992) Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution. Delhi: Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Divan, S. and A. Rosencranz (2001) Environmental Law and Policy in India: Cases, Materials and Statues. New Delhi: Oxford.

Perfect Storm Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Perfect Storm by Sebastian Junger was an account of an immense storm and its destructive path through the North Atlantic. In late October of 1991, many a crew of several different fishing ships left their port for their final haul. Little did they know that they would soon cross paths with one of the greatest storms ever recorded. This particular storm would create huge swells, high winds, and hard rain. The system was said to be a â€Å"perfect storm† because all of the elements were just right to create the worst imaginable storm ever seen claimed some meteorologists. Such a storm left little room for rescue if one’s boat got into trouble. But there were those daring rescues from the Coast Guard during the storm that saved the lives of many and cost the life of one. These men risked their lives for the safety of others and have earned the title of â€Å"hero.† The Para rescue jumpers and pilots, our heroes in The Perfect Storm, had a re sponsibility to the well being of everyone at sea. When a distress call was made, it was their duty to answer it to the best of their ability. It seemed â€Å"to the best of their ability† meant do the job until they died trying. These men had undergone extensive training in their fields to prepare for such situations as the perfect storm presented them. The PJ’s had undergone a highly selective process that many Navy SEALS could not complete. And the pilots of the helicopters and jets showed tremendous skill as they navig...

Diversity in the United States Essay

What information about diversity in the United States has helped you better understand or relate to others in ways that you may not have in the past? Diversity in the united states in not something new here but in fact spans back many generations. Diversity is everywhere and no one can truly get away from it, but by accepting it a person can learn how to lead a better fuller life with variety of understanding for the people that come in contact with. I feel that the biggest thing I learned in this call about diversity is not that there is diversity but that there is a lot of work to be done to farther the peace action between the groups of people knowing this make me realize that the us is not yet a unity but is trying and gives me more will to make my voice heard that we need to start accepting one another. †¢Have you learned something new about your own racial, ethnic, or cultural history? My own racial, ethnic, or cultural history is a great big mess of origins, religions, and culture but this class made me realize that one I am not alone in time case and that I too as a person have boundaries that hold me back. For instance there is a glass ceiling which is â€Å"the barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified worker because of gender or minority membership† (ch.3, pg. 78) this is not a barrier of race or religion or culture its based on gender and I being a women hinders my ability to progress in some areas of the working world. This is some thin that women from not just the United States have been fighting for but the United States I see ha made great strides to make things more equal and fair. †¢Trends in immigration will continue to shape the demographics of the United States. What will the U.S. population look like in the year 2050? Why do you think so? With the raising population factor and the immigrant that keep flowing in will make the melting pot a whole lot bigger making some big changes like the minorities becoming majorities and vies versa. In an article on CNN U.S. website had this to say â€Å"There’s going to be a very diverse minority population with large amounts of interracial marriage. What we’ll see is that the Anglo-Saxon population will no longer be the majority. I believe the mixed-race population will grow the fastest because compared to the past, interracial relationships are increasingly tolerated and considered OK by a large percent of the younger generations. It’s no longer strange to see a black and white couple at a restaurant together today. Yet someone visiting from the 1960s would be shocked.† (Kotkin,2010) this just comes to show you that there are a lot of changes in the works for this country. †¢What challenges does the United States face due to the diversity of its people? The United States is by far more diverse then other countries, on a larger scale and because of that many parts of this country has states with cities that are unintentionally segregated by race and culture. This type of living is ok but it also make be shy away from each other and not interact , thus giving way to discrimination and prejudice due to the lack of understanding of one another. With any type of misunderstanding can bring new problems to the table and this only made it hard to for the government to mandate a resolve for it, but if we could start mingling more intergrading more that misunderstand will start to disappear lessening the amount of discrimination in the country. †¢What are the benefits of such a diverse society? The benefits of such a diverse society in the United States is an amazing one and growing every day. The United States is a melting pot of races, cultures, religions, and sexual preferences in many forms and this all make for a great example that we can all get along. What I’m trying to say is that we are cutting out the misunderstanding between the categories of people and back down the boundaries that were set to control. We are not a country at war we are a country that is showing that it is possible to live in peace without letting discrimination and prejudice turn us against one another. In other wording the U.S. is showing that it’s ok to be one and to stand together and in time I think we will. †¢How can we foster a climate of acceptance and cultural pluralism in the United States? Pluralism is a state in which racial and ethnic categories, though distinct, have equal social standing. (Macionis, 2012 pg.84) So in stating what it is we are looking to foster gives us a better idea of what to expect if we do foster a climate of acceptance and cultural pluralism in the United States. Though to get there we need to teach, I mean really teach each other and about one another in every way form what we eat to how we celebrate traditions. We need to get everyone involved as much as possible, which means in schools, jobs, and community. By doing all of this we will have a better understanding of one another which well level out the minorities with the majorities and make acceptance easier all around. †¢In what ways does the media perpetuate stereotyping and prejudice? Provide examples to support your assertion. The media I feel perpetuates stereotyping and prejudice by ways of take on old way and making them fix into the new. This is still stereotyping, it is still racism, it is still discrimination and it is wrong, wrong because the media is not trying to help resolve issue of this topic but in an effect helping to create it. In this day and age that media is watched more than ever and it is teaching that it is ok to by this way or view people in such a light which can hinder the process of pluralism. In an article I found stated the following â€Å"Bradley Gorham researched this problem in the article â€Å"News media’s relationship with stereotyping† (2006). Gorham maintains that, â€Å"stereotypic images of Blacks persist in the dominant media†¦as a result; stereotypes are perpetuated within the culture in subtle, yet highly effectual ways† (Gorham, 2006, 289). In addition, a 1991 study conducted by Northwestern University on the images of races in local TV news programs, concluded that television stations serve to promote what researchers deem ‘modern racism’ or â€Å"the continued, though muted, antagonism between races† and that in their efforts to overcome racism, stations have actually served to worsen â€Å"racial hostilities† (Bowling, 2004).†(Henry, 2007) †¢In what ways does the media help foster appreciation for diversity? Provide examples to support your assertion. Though the media perpetuate some stereotyping and prejudice, it also does a lot of good. In the media you can find hundreds of advertisements that are out there to help the progression of unity and pluralism, but also television shows and documentaries that have made huge strides to fight for the right of everyone and show real depictions of how much easies life could be if we just all got along. A great film called Life in a Day, which is a film that is compiled of thousands of people throughout the world on one single day, the 24th of July. The Director Macdonald said that the film focused on a single day â€Å"because a day is the basic temporal building block of human life—wherever you are,†(Watercutter, 2011) this is a view of how truly alike we all are and its film like this that make the media help foster appreciation for diversity. †¢How might individuals and the United States work together to reduce prejudice and increase appreciation for diversity? We a people need to make a point to make an act of kindness every day towards those that need help and teach our children our adults of the future to be blind of race, religion, culture, and anything else and learn to fight for one another in every way possible. I feel that one good act of kindness or one good stand of what is right can create a beautiful butterfly effect of future unity and pluralism. Other things that might work is to mandate regulations of team working in company’s and schools so to in a sense force unity in the work place making those who normally would not work together to work side by side and see firsthand the they are on different from one another. †¢How might you change your own behaviors to be more inclusive and pluralistic? My behaviors to be more inclusive and pluralistic has started many years ago when I was 12, our cool had a school meeting to discuss the issue our school was having with discrimination and exclusion of students into due to their differences. The principal ask if any of us had any ideas that we felt could and I stated that instead of selling the extra land the school was trying to sell and make it into a team working ropes course and it was voted on and created and still used today. I have always found ways to help others get along and or view things difference, I make a point to set an example for my child and any one the needs an example of how to be a good human not just a person. In this day and age there still is many issue related to discrimination and prejudice that need to be resolve and yes it will take time but one step can lead to many running towards the better good of mankind ,unity, and pluralism of the country and maybe someday the world. So let’s stop the perpetuation of discrimination and prejudice and being the progress to unity and pluralism. â€Å"Pluralism that is, the conception that there are many different ends that men may seek and still be fully rational, fully men, capable of understanding each other and sympathising and deriving light from each other.† – Sir Isaiah Berlin The Crooked Timber of Humanity,’The Pursuit of the Ideal’. Chapter 3, Racial and Ethnic Groups, Thirteenth edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Merrill Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc What will America look like in 2050? July 02, 2010|By Liane Membis, CNN  © 2012 Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. All Rights Reserved, http://articles.cnn.com/2010-07-02/us/joel.kotkin.census_1_census-workers-current-census-cnn?_s=PM:US Social Problems, Census Edition, Fourth edition, by John J. Macionis. Published by Merrill Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Racial Profiling in the Media: Investigated Through a Ritualistic Lens By: Sylvia Henry, COMM 3210: Human Communication Theory, University of Colorado at Boulder, Fall, 2007 Gorham, B. (2006). News media’s relationship with stereotyping: The linguistic intergroup bias in response to crime news. Journal of Communication, 56, 289-308. Bowling, D. (2004). The problem with MWP news stories: Are missing persons news? i f so, why only missing white people? Retrieved October 10, 2007 from MSNBC: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4669495/. http://www.colorado.edu/communication/meta-discourses/Papers/App_Papers/Henry.htm Watercutter, Angela, â€Å"Life in a Day Distills 4,500 Hours of Intimate Video Into Urgent Documentary† (WebCite archive), Wired magazine, July 29, 2011. The Crooked Timber of Humanity,’The Pursuit of the Ideal’, by Sir Isaiah Berlin published 1959)

China Pestel

Analysis 1. Political Factors Peace and development are the main topics of world; China keeps stable and harmonious relationships with all of countries. Government Encourages Entrepreneurship The government encourages the citizen to create the enterprise and cooperate with foreign-funded enterprises; it is a good opportunity for all of people and develops a new business. Such as preferential policies for setting up business, decrease the sales tax and income tax, offer free training course for high school graduate or unemployment, no individual guarantee for the enterprise loan below 70000 Yuan and etc.Decreasing in Import Tax One good thing for our business are the import tax of cream material goes down from 19% to 6%, moreover we have more choices to select the ice cream machines, and it will reduce our cost and make the produce process easier. Impact on Open Economic Policy Albeit the competition will be strong as the foreign brands swarm into Chinese market this few years, we dis cover that there is still a gap for our business to fit in and it is also a chance to develop the Chinese brands and enhance the existing ice cream industry to compete with foreign brands.On the other hand, it lays a foundation for Chinese ice cream brands enter into the international market in the future. QS Standards Certificate Ice cream industry QS (Quality safety) standards certificate is a passport for running ice cream factory. It requires every factory to prepare a freezer which can keep the ice cream under the degree 30; the freezer will cost 5 million Yuan. But this rule doesn’t apply to the foreign ice cream brands and some of home-made ice cream shops. Tax Policy It depends on the place and general industry sales amount, the tax department stimates the sales amount of the store, and then we need to pay for 5. 45% tax every month. There is no relationship with the invoice. Employment Policy For employments, they must have health certificates. The enterprise must si gn the contracts with them and pay the four insurances which the government asked for. Include the old-age insurance, medicare insurance, unemployment insurance, and child-bearing insurance. Allowance for Farmer Who Plant Organic Products Organic materials are now more expensive than the average products in the market.Hence, the government supports and encourages the farmer to plant the green and organic agricultural products. We believe that the price will go down, and people will enjoy the green and organic products more than before. 2. Economic Factors 2. 1Macro economic factors Growth in Population In shanghai, the area covers 6340km? , separate 18 districts. the population is about19 million and 6million families. The best business area is Xuhui (1060,000 population), Huangpu (570,000population) and Pudon district (2400,000 population). The high density of population will have a positive impact to our business. GNP Trends and National incomeAccording to the first quarter report s of this year, national economy maintain a growing trend, achieved 657. 45 billion Yuan which rise 6. 1% compare to last year. The per-capita disposable income of urban residents is 15781 Yuan and the per-capita net income of rural people is 4761 Yuan, rise 8. 4% and 8% in real terms. It is estimated that the growth target for this whole year can be reached 8%. 2. 2 Micro economic factors Based on the first quarter report of this year in Shanghai, The disposable income per-capita of urban residents is 26690 Yuan and the per-capita net income of rural people is 11400 Yuan, rise 6% and 6. % in real terms. According to the report of The People's Bank of China in May 2009, the saving breakthrough 4 trillion, growth rate meets 23% and the amount rise 48. 3billion Yuan. House rent income and other property income rise 2%. Employment pressure keeps increasing trend, the university graduate is 158000, rise 6%. The government pushes many of policies to solve the problems. People’s in come, bank saving and employment status are affecting our business directly, all of the data shows the increasing trend in each factor; therefore, we believe that our business prospects is optimistic. 3. Social FactorsCross-Culture Shanghai is a modern and international city. Due to the globalization, young people’s thinking and lifestyles are getting closer to western culture. They are like a sponge which can easily accept the new and strange things. Ice cream is part of their life in Western country, which has a significantly impact to the ice cream industry today in China. Ice cream is not only for kids’ enjoyment nowadays but also become an indulgence of young generation and a satisfaction for old generation. The new consumption format leads ice cream business to a bright future. More Aware of Having a Healthy LifestyleSince eating ice cream has become part of people enjoyment, they are seeking for high-nutrition ice cream which can keep them healthy and slim while they are having their enjoyment. Doctor Qikeming from Beijing Children hospital said the obesity issue happened in 7-18 years old children,meet 5%boys and 3% girls in 100 people, the trend is growing very fast, the main reasons are they eat too much fast food, carbonated drinks, dessert, ice cream. Thus, parents are more aware of their children’s health and also purchase organic foods for them. High Expectation Due to the intense competition nowadays, people are expecting more than the past.They care not only about the products but include its packaging, color, taste, price and even the advertising words and image. 4. Technological factors Produce Ice Cream by Using Latest Technology Along with the improvement of the consumption level, people’s requirements on food are unceasingly enhance. Meanwhile it is a trend which develops new products and fit the consumer’s needs. Experts advance â€Å"three lower and one higher plan† for the ice cream manufactorie s, low salt, low fat, low sugar, and high protein. More and more scientists are dedicated in studying and developing organic products.Thus, develop health and function ice cream against the traditional ice cream recipe by using the technology today will be a success in business. 5. Legal factors Food Safety Law This law is used to protect, monitor and limit the industry of developing and lead the right way for business. It has conducted since June, 2009. The new law shows the food exempted from inspection canceled and the food additives which are not in the list of catalogs cannot be used in any food. Once the consumers’ rights meet loss, they can ask for 10 times compensation money compare to price of goods.All of goods must have a clear components list on the packing and mark unsuitable people, function explanation. How to Register a Company? First, we need to prepare several names of our company, then we will go to The Administrative Bureau of Industry and Commerce to pick up one name which is not similar to other company in order to avoid confusing. Next, prepare at least 2 people which are the company stockholder, one must be the legal representative. There are several choices to decide the company format: Sole Proprietorship, Limited Liability Company, Company Limited by Shares. Each of them has different law responsibilities.For our business, we will register as a sole proprietorship company. Following by the detail of our business and open a bank account. The bank capital is at least 100000 Yuan for a small-scale business. To register a General taxpayer, the cash in bank must be at least 500000 Yuan. After that, The Administrative Bureau of Industry and Commerce will check through all the details. It takes around 15 days to get the operating license. We can start the tax process after getting the operating license. We need to apply for an enterprise code to department of technical supervision which is a Tax ID Code of the business.It will take 3 0 days for the tax department to process before we can get the Tax Registration Certificate. The tax department will then confirm the business tax rate, items of taxation, levy time and method. 6. Environmental factors Government Policies Protecting environment is a hot topic in current society. The government establishes many policies for one-off packing in food industry. For our business, the main packing materials are cups, scoops, straws. We will choose disposable paper products and degradable plastic to reduce the environment damage. Increasing Awareness of Environmental ProtectionSince people nowadays are more aware of the importance of the environment and becoming â€Å"green consumers†, they prefer goods and services that are â€Å"environmental friendly† and which have less impact on the environment. We will strive to be carbon neutral, green, clean and pristine. In addition to producing inconceivably delicious organic ice cream, we will try to operate in a su stainable manner. We use fully organic ingredients, offset our emissions, use compostable serving dishes and also compost our waste. This gives our business a clear advantage over our competitors who are not doing well in this field. References Website:

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buy custom The Airline Industry essay The Airline industry is a seasonal industry that is highly labor intensive and also capital intensive. The labor and capital intensivenesss is directly proportional to the season at high season.The seasonality of supply and demand in the industry causes the industry to have quite an unstable income and so are the pricing rate variable depending on the season at high season, rates will be higher to travel and transport using air while at low season rates will be lower. Thus the GDP contribution by the airline industry to a country is variable depending on the season and the prices at tha season. Pricing in the airline industry: All airlines have a break even cost factor which is the number of seats in percentage of the number of seats the airline must sell at a given rate for it cover its costs. This is what takes care of the seasonal nature of the airline industry. Revenue costs and the break even load factor are not equal in all airlines. It is averaged that the recent approximate breakeven load factor is at 68%. The operating cost of an airline and its breakeven load factor has a very small difference margin making the iindustry a risky one in terms of profit and loss. Less flights: Pricing in the airline industry can be affected by the its seasonal nature but it does not mean that at low demand the airline is pout of business but rather that they have to plan their schedule in accordance with the demands of their services. In the case of too few passengers, it may seem as a crisis but the industry has its clients at their best interest so they would have to give the same service but have their priorities set out well like maybe have a smaller airplane than normal. Buy custom The Airline Industry essay

Market Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Market Structures - Essay Example There are many firms. Each firm owns a percentage of the total market share. Furthermore, products are differentiated in pricing strategies, style, brand name, advertisement, and packaging. Here are no barriers to entry and exit. Monopoly There is a single seller such that the industry and firm are synonymous. Monopoly markets have unique services and products that do not have close substitutes. The firm in a monopoly market is the price maker and has considerable control over the price as it can control the supply of the product. Monopoly markets have barriers to entry and exit. Oligopoly There few large firms with each firm considerate of their rivals’ decisions and reactions to its decisions regarding output, advertising, and prices. Products in an oligopoly market are differentiated. There are barriers to entry in this market due to the requirement of huge capital investments and economies of scales. Demand Perfect Competition Individual firms in a perfectly competitive ma rket view their demand as perfectly elastic that is a horizontal line at the market price level. However, the industry demand curve is not perfectly elastic. The demand curve is perfectly elastic for individual firms because they are price takers regardless of the quantities they produce. This explains why the demand curve for firms in a competitive market is a horizontal line at the market price. Monopolistic The demand curve of firms in a monopolistic market is highly elastic, but not perfectly elastic.

Analysing Marketing strategies, Toyota (Yaris) Essay

Analysing Marketing strategies, Toyota (Yaris) - Essay Example The company is proud of its progress and achievements which is dedicated towards the satisfaction of the customers. Toyota believes in innovation, is customer oriented and is a well organised company. The vision of the company is to provide commitment on the basis quality and mobility. The mission of the company is to provide safe and sound journey to the customers, use new technologies for innovation along with creating a prosperous society following the standard norms of the industry. The Toyota cars have over the years delivered assured superior quality with various cars category. Toyota offers cars for varied segments wherein a few are multi premium vehicles, luxurious cars and hybrid/green cars. The vehicle of Toyota, Yaris which is a sub-compact passenger car, is one of the most affordable cars and the smallest one which is sold by Toyota especially in the market of the US (Toyota, 2012). The Yaris is offered as a ‘four door sedan or five back hatchback’. Toyota Ya ris has added various innovations in the car which makes it compatible to compete with true Honda Fit along with making it one of the most versatile offerings. Toyota Yaris launched its second generation model in 2012. The car as compared to the first generation is about 3 inches long and more specifications are added. The looks, features and the price of the Yaris are better as compared to the first generation products. It is one of the smallest cars with technological innovation and is cheap, reliable with enhanced quality (Toyota Motor Sales, 2013). The brand Toyota Yaris is introducing relative marketing processes to create brand loyalty. The objective of the study is to evaluate Toyota Yaris’ marketing strategies which are implemented for the success of this unique brand. The competitive behaviour and the environment based on the PESTEL analysis are evaluated. External Environment Analysis PESTEL Analysis PESTEL is an analytical tool which is considered to evaluate the e xternal factors impact on Toyota Yaris. PESTEL is used to summarise environmental factors which influence the organisation and its future strategies. PESTEL assists the company to think proactively in the ever-changing environment to resolve the issues which can be faced by it in the operational activities. The use of PESTEL analysis would facilitate to evaluate the environment of the United Kingdom and the United States both of which seem to be quite lucrative for Toyota (Hoque, Faruque, Shahid, Pasha & Rahman, 2013). Political The government policies, rules and regulations affect the infrastructure of a country and hence influence the environment of the industry. The political factors refer to the political pressure, current environment of the country and the effective cost of operations to be faced by the industry. The government policies are an important influential factor for the sustainability of any industry in a particular country. The political factors impose costs on the i ndustry such as taxes, and at times provide relief as well. Toyota Yaris which is a sub-compact car got the support from the US government to improve its production. This has helped Yaris to increase its sales in the USA. The government has taken initiatives to improve the production by executing policies such as the Energy Policy Act among others. The fuel efficiency of the car has made it one of the most popular new generation cars the UK as well (Hoque, Faruque,

Team-work Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team-work Homework - Assignment Example When the two companies do not advertise, both King and Babil Company will have a payoff of 150. This payoff is beneficial to the two companies compared to adverting process. In the domain strategy, the two companies that is King firm and Babil firm have a dominating choice of not advertising. Irrespective of the Babil decision, the King company will not take the risk of advertisement, lest King know the secret of the competitor. From the outcomes stipulated on the table, it is evident that high outcomes arise when the two companies decide not to advertise, independently. The two companies felt that rather than getting a payoff of 300 and 80 for their strategy, they feel it better to win 150 rather than making their products available to their public and their competitors. The best outcome for the dominant strategy is when King fails to advertisement, as well as Babil. In Nash equilibrium the two companies use the methods to predict the outcome of another company in the social arts. The payoff functions represent the firm’s preferences over the action profile of the company where the action profile of King and Babil will portray the list of actions. In this strategy, king will have an incentive in shying away from the advertisement after considering Babil options. Neither Babil not King shall have an incremental benefit of changing their motives. Under this strategy, just like other strategies discussed above, the nash equilibrium will be attained when the companies choose not to advertise their products. The outcome is illustrated as shown in the matrix

History Important Terms Essay Example for Free

History Important Terms Essay Bacon’s Rebellion-1676 Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. John Winthrop-He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president. He believed in the creation of a City on a Hill and that they would be an example to the world. Separatists- Non-separatists (which included the Puritans) believed that the Church of England could be purified through reforms. Separatists (which included the Pilgrims) believed that the Church of England could not be reformed and that it was corrupt so started their own congregations. Roger Williams-Rhode Island. He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom. He was an antinomian. He was exiled from Massachusetts because of his beliefs. He believed you couldn’t take land from Native Americans because they could be saved, Anglican Church is too corrupt, separation of church and state and religious toleration, you don’t have to listen to the bible or minister if you are already predetermined. Founder of Rhode Island. Anne Hutchinson-She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomians) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639. She allied with merchants. Said the bible was wrong. Visible saints- people who were godly Christians and who went to heaven when they died. Puritans believed that they were the saints of the world. Half-Way Covenant- The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn’t achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs. Dominion of New England- 1686 The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. An example that Britain was beginning to lose control of New England. Penns Holy Experiment- William Penn’s term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all. He was a Quaker. He was most likely gay so he wasn’t accepted by puritans but in Pennsylvania he could be free and safe because they believed that they are the same as everyone else. Nathaniel Bacon- Virginian planter who organized a militia of 500, attacked and killed Indians because some tribes caused planters problems. Then he marched the militia into Jamestown and burned it. House of Burgesses-1619 The Virginia House of Burgesses formed the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses. Indentured servants- People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free. Headright- Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists middle passage passage from the African west coast to the West Indies Enlightenment-A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700s and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God. It is believed that it influenced the American Revolution. Great Awakening- Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. The Great Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies. It believed in individualism and New Birth. Believed to influence American Revolution. George Whitefield- George Whitefield, an Anglican minister, led numerous revivals and preached a theology â€Å"scaled down to the comprehension of twelve-year-olds.† While not denying the doctrine of predestination, he preached a God responsive to good intentions. He believed in the concept of New Birth. Jonathan Edwards- Jonathan Edwards was the most famous native-born revivalist. In 1727 he â€Å"inherited† his grandfather’s pulpit in Northampton, Massachusetts, and dramatized hell’s fire and brimstone from the pulpit. Eventually in 1749 his parishioners voted to dismiss him. By the 1750s, the Great Awakening, the first truly national event in American history, had run its course. Although it had caused divisions, it also fostered religious toleration. His most famous work is â€Å"Sinners†. He believed one could become morally perfect. Mercantilism-Navigation Acts- the most important legislature that Britain passed on colonies. Says that all goods shipped on vessels built in UK, Raw material to UK only in UK ships, no manufacturing in colonies, 75% UK crews, all goods to other countries stop in UK for unloading. Congregationalism- Puritan system. Says that church is center of town and the meeting house. Congregation elects minister. Pilgrims Mayflower Compact- 1620 The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. It said that all people must adhere to majority rule, allegiance to king and church is the center of their town. Triangle Trade- The backbone of New England’s economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was known as the Middle Passage, when many slaves died on the ships). In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships returned to New England, where the molasses were used to make rum. Great Migration- Many Puritans emigrated from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s. During this time, the population of the Massachusetts Bay colony grew to ten times its earlier population. King Philips War- 1675 A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion. Covenant of Grace- Puritan teachings emphasized the biblical covenants: God’s covenants with Adam and with Noah, the covenant of grace between God and man through Christ. John Smith-Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. Virginia Company-Virginia was formed by the Virginia Company as a profit-earning venture. Starvation was the major problem; about 90% of the colonists died the first year, many of the survivors left, and the company had trouble attracting new colonists. They offered private land ownership in the colony to attract settlers, but the Virginia Company eventually went bankrupt and the colony went to the crown. Virginia did not become a successful colony until the colonists started raising and exporting tobacco. William Berkeley- the royal governor, Sir William Berkeley of Virginia. He was forced by Bacon to legitimize his power in order to take control of Jamestown and fight against Indians. seasoning time- period of time when new colonists became accustomed to the weather and hygiene conditions in the colony Toleration Act of 1649- 1649 Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colonys large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians. Maryland was unique in that it became a refuge for Catholic immigrants, and although Catholics were a minority in Maryland their rights were protected Jacob Leisler- In New York in 1689, Jacob Leisler seized control of the government for two years before being sent to the gallows. But for two decades struggles continued between those who shared Leisler’s dislike of English rule and those who had opposed his takeover. He took control of New York. He was arrested for denying English troops to enter key forts. He arrested many new Yorkers for questioning his authority. John Peter Zenger- Another political problem occurred when Governor William Cosby made a claim for back salary and was opposed by forces led by Lewis Morris. Morrisites established a weekly journal which was eventually closed down and which led to the trial for seditious libel of its editor, John Peter Zenger. Deism- The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. Albany Plan of Union- During the French and Indian War, Franklin wrote this proposal for a unified colonial government, which would operate under the authority of the British government. Gives the arousal of William Pitt. The first time the colonies unite. Great War for Empire- increased tensions between France and Britain. France puts up forts around their land. Britain is defeated in Ohio because they have really bad Generals and Native Americans are allied with France, But Irukoy Indians ally with Britain. It is the cause of the first meeting between all 13 colonies. William Pitt was appointed general and helped defeat the French. Regulator Movement- was the attempt to regulate taxes in North Carolina where citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials. While unsuccessful, some historians consider it a catalyst to the American Revolutionary War. Stono Rebellion in NY- the rebellion against slavery in New York. One of the earliest known organized rebellions in the present United States, it was led by native Africans who were Catholic and the rebellion was suppressed. Treaty of Paris (1763)- 1763 the Treaty of Paris ended hostilities and gave England dominance in North America. France is out of New World. North Carolina Regulators- Western frontiersmen who in 1768 rebelled in protest against the high taxes imposed by the Eastern colonial government of North Carolina, and whose organization was crushed by military force by Governor Tryon in 1771. In South Carolina, groups of vigilantes who organized to fight outlaw bands along the Western frontier in 1767-1769, and who disbanded when regular courts were established in those areas. Sugar Act (1764)- The passage of the Sugar Act (1764), which placed tariffs on sugar, coffee, wines, and other imported products, was denounced by the colonists as taxation without representation. Also in 1764, the government in London restricted the printing, although not the use of, paper money in the colonies. Salutary neglect- colonists resorted to smuggling and bribery to bypass Parliamentary regulations. Mercantilistic laws merely steered American economy toward England, and the colonies enjoyed almost continuous prosperity from 1650 until the Revolution. Proclamation of 1763- Proclamation of 1763. No settlers were to cross the Appalachian divide, only licensed traders could do business in that area, and the purchase of Indian land was outlawed. The purpose of the proclamation was to organize Great Britains new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. Tea Act 1773- The final crisis in the ongoing conflict over imperial control surfaced in 1773 when Parliament, in attempting to save the corrupt and inefficient British East India Company from bankruptcy, gave the company a monopoly on colonial tea trade. Although this action reduced the price of tea (middlemen were eliminated), Americans regarded it as a sly attempt to trap them into paying the tea tax. In Boston the situation deteriorated as Samuel Adams and other propagandists inflamed the public to a point that on December 16, 1773, the Boston Tea Party occurred. Coercive Acts 1774- All of these names refer to the same acts, passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, and which included the Boston Port Act, which shut down Boston Harbor; the Massachusetts Government Act, which disbanded the Boston Assembly (but it soon reinstated itself); the Quartering Act, which required the colony to provide provisions for British soldiers; and the Administration of Justice Act, which removed the power of colonial courts to arrest royal officers. Albany Plan-Stamp Act Congress 1765- taxed many kinds of printed matter, including newspapers, legal documents, and licenses. Was direct taxing by eng. An intercolonial Stamp Act Congress passed resolutions of protest, and relations were further strained as colonists burned the stamps, boycotted British goods, and the Sons of Liberty resorted to some violence. Parliament responded by repealing the Stamp Act (1766). Writs of Assistance- Search warrants issued by the British government. They allowed officials to search houses and ships for smuggled goods, and to enlist colonials to help them search. The writs could be used anywhere, anytime, as often as desired. The officials did not need to prove that there was reasonable cause to believe that the person subject to the search had committed a crime or might have possession of contraband before getting a writ or searching a house. The writs were protested by the colonies. Declaratory Act 1766- On the same day Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, it passed a Declaratory Act establishing its right to enact any colonial legislation it deemed proper. The Declaratory Act highlighted the degree to which British and Americans had drifted apart on the concepts of representation, constitution, and sovereignty. Townshend Acts 1767- Facing the possibility of a deficit budget, Parliament passed the Townshend Acts (1767) which placed new taxes on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea. Colonists immediately began boycotting British imports and influential Americans began questioning the basis of the British colonial system. The spectrum of debate ranged from the moderate views of John Dickinson to the radical opinions of Samuel Adams. Boston Massacre 1770- On March 5, 1770, idlers tossed snowballs at Redcoats guarding the Boston Custom House, and panicking soldiers fired their muskets into the crowd, killing five. Although radicals like Samuel Adams played up the incident, cooler heads prevailed and a post-massacre truce settled over British America. Circular Letter- a letter sent by Sam Adams to colonies that says taxing is unconstitutional. Virtual Actual Representation- Virtual representation means that a representative is not elected by his constituents, but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals. Actual representation mean that a representative is elected by his constituents. The colonies only had virtual representation in the British government. 1st-2nd Continental Congress- The First Continental Congress met to discuss their concerns over Parliaments dissolutions of the New York (for refusing to pay to quarter troops), Massachusetts (for the Boston Tea Party), and Virginia Assemblies. The First Continental Congress rejected the plan for a unified colonial government, stated grievances against the crown called the Declaration of Rights, resolved to prepare militias, and created the Continental Association to enforce a new non-importation agreement through Committees of Vigilence. In response, in February, 1775, Parliament declared the colonies to be in rebellion. It met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain. Sam Adams- A Massachusetts politician who was a radical fighter for colonial independence. Helped organize the Sons of Liberty and the Non-Importation Commission, which protested the Townshend Acts, and is believed to have lead the Boston Tea Party. He served in the Continental Congress throughout the Revolution, and served as Governor of Massachusetts from 1794-1797. John Dickenson- Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence. Sons of Liberty- A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. Unit II Terms Olive Branch Petition- a petition sent by John Dickinson during the Second Continental Congress to George III of Britain to try and reconcile their feuds. It fails to have any effect because by the time the petition arrives in Britain George III knows about Bunker’s Hill and declares Massachusetts in open rebellion so he cuts off all imports to colonies, which will cause major economic problems. Common Sense- a testament written by Tomas Paine to challenge the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. He writes it to try and create a greater awareness that colonist need independence. It is simple and easy to read. Called for colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England. Attacked King George III and the monarchy itself. As a result, Continental Congress unleashed privateers against British commerce, open American ports, established state governments. Loyalists- colonists that fight for the British during the Revolution. They included Canadian elites in fear of Americans spreading into their land, some native Americans, and were influenced by the Whigs. They wanted to remain loyal to the British king. Yorktown (1781)- The Battle of Yorktown. It is the decisive battle that ends the Revolutionary War. It forced the British to surrender and negotiate some sort of agreement between America. It leads to the Treaty of Paris 1783 which acknowledged the colonies as independent. Thomas Paine- author of Common Sense. He wanted to create more awareness to colonists about what Britain was doing. He wanted to inspire colonists to do something about their independence. Declaration of Independence- the statement adopted on July 4th that declared that the colonies were no longer part of Britain. Sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots and helped to start the American Revolution by allowing England to hear of the colonists disagreements with British authority. Franco-American Alliance-Saratoga (1778)- an alliance formed between France and the United States. France agrees to help America militarily and economically to defeat and weaken Britain. Articles of Confederation (1781)- The first form of federal government. It had limited national power. It requires a unanimous vote from all colonies to ratify a law, donations instead of taxes, inadequate central government. Gave states independence and more power over national government (able to form treaties, control foreign policy, coin money). Its successes were the Land ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance 1787. Peace of Paris (1783)- Treaty between America and Britain. It recognizes America’s independence. It required all British troops to be evacuated as long as loyalists were paid; all land east of Mississippi went to America, fishing rights of grand banks. Saratoga-Yorktown- two important and decisive battles for America. They are both victories for America.   Republican Motherhood- Came from US War of Independence. Concept that women should educate themselves in the principles of liberty, independence, and democracy so as to inculcate the coming generation with these republican values. This was one sign that women were becoming more respected as intellectually capable. Shays Rebellion 1786- Daniel Shay (Revolutionary War veteran) gathered farmers and marched to courthouse because of trade issues and taxes, preventing state Supreme Court from meeting. State sent troops to fight them and suppressed them. Shay and his rebellion were arrested. Land Ordinance of 1785 -Provided for surveying western territories into 6 square mile townships before sale at auction. Compromise between south’s sale to individuals and NE’s sale to groups or companies. 1 section for education and schooling. Imposts -Section 8 of the Constitution. Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the US. But all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the US. Annapolis Convention 17855 -states met â€Å"to discuss common problems of commerce†. All talk, no action. Decided not to make any changes due to lack of reps from other states, so Hamilton suggested they meet in Philadelphia to â€Å"fix† the Articles of Confederation. 3/5 Compromise-North argued slaves should be counted for federal taxation. South disagreed but still wanted slaves counted as people to determine number in House of Representatives. Eventually Every slave counted as 3/5 of a person. 1808 Compromise- Allowed the slave trade to continue, but placed a date-certain on its survival. Congress eventually passed a law outlawing the slave trade that became effective on January 1, 1808. Virginia Plan- a political plan that wanted 2 houses; upper and lower. A strong central government and representation that is proportional to population.   New Jersey Plan- a political plan that wanted equal representation in every state regardless of population.   Northwest Ordinance of 1787- Establishes government for West. First governed by governor and 3 judges, then territory with legislature, and then state. Determines process of dividing territory and writing territory constitution. Banded by Ohio Mississippi Rivers and Great Lakes. Same rights as original 13 states. Prohibited slavery. Great Compromise- Delegates at Great Convention decided to have bicameral legislature: Lower House- House of Representatives dependent on population (Virginia Plan – favored by larger states) and Upper House- Senate, with equal number of representatives per state (2 per state) (New Jersey Plan – small states). All revenue bills begin in house. Any bill that says it will take money will begin in house of representatives because they are closer to the people. The Federalists Papers 1788- by Madison, Jay and Hamilton. To convince voters in Virginia and New York that constitution was worth a chance. Had little impact but finally New York and Virginia supported it. Checks and balances- Phrase to describe the separation of powers/branches of government. By dividing powers between legislature, executive (President), and judiciary, no one branch can be too powerful. Each one can â€Å"check† the other’s actions. Antifederalists -People against federalists in 1787. Disagreed with the Constitution because they believed peoples rights were being taken away without a Bill of Rights. Appealed to â€Å"common man† as they didn’t want an elected aristocracy. Gave in a bit when promised the Bill of Rights, which they wanted because the British constitution is unwritten so no one can claim any rights. Bill of Rights 1791- By Madison (since he wrote the Constitution too). First 10 amendments of Constitution. Added in 1791. Guarantees civil liberties like freedom of speech, free press, and freedom of religion, etc. written to satisfy the needs of states fearful of losing their rights (anti-federalists. Hamiltons Economic Plans 1792-94- Funding and Assumption. (Funding- funding the national debt. Spend your way out of debt by funding the old debt. Government taxes and uses bonds (citizens lend government money) people who gave money will pay taxes, will want government to succeed so they get their money back.) (Assumption- the central government takes (assumes) all of the state debts.) Funding and assumption later lead to the formation of political parties. Whiskey Rebellion 1795- 1st major challenge to federal authority. Small rebellion that began in Southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794. Challenge to the national governments unjust use of an excise tax on whiskey. Washington crushed the rebellion with excessive force, proving the strength of the national governments power in its military. Shows that constitution is supreme law and that there are severe limits to what people can do to oppose government.