Team-work Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team-work Homework - Assignment Example When the two companies do not advertise, both King and Babil Company will have a payoff of 150. This payoff is beneficial to the two companies compared to adverting process. In the domain strategy, the two companies that is King firm and Babil firm have a dominating choice of not advertising. Irrespective of the Babil decision, the King company will not take the risk of advertisement, lest King know the secret of the competitor. From the outcomes stipulated on the table, it is evident that high outcomes arise when the two companies decide not to advertise, independently. The two companies felt that rather than getting a payoff of 300 and 80 for their strategy, they feel it better to win 150 rather than making their products available to their public and their competitors. The best outcome for the dominant strategy is when King fails to advertisement, as well as Babil. In Nash equilibrium the two companies use the methods to predict the outcome of another company in the social arts. The payoff functions represent the firm’s preferences over the action profile of the company where the action profile of King and Babil will portray the list of actions. In this strategy, king will have an incentive in shying away from the advertisement after considering Babil options. Neither Babil not King shall have an incremental benefit of changing their motives. Under this strategy, just like other strategies discussed above, the nash equilibrium will be attained when the companies choose not to advertise their products. The outcome is illustrated as shown in the matrix

History Important Terms Essay Example for Free

History Important Terms Essay Bacon’s Rebellion-1676 Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. John Winthrop-He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president. He believed in the creation of a City on a Hill and that they would be an example to the world. Separatists- Non-separatists (which included the Puritans) believed that the Church of England could be purified through reforms. Separatists (which included the Pilgrims) believed that the Church of England could not be reformed and that it was corrupt so started their own congregations. Roger Williams-Rhode Island. He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom. He was an antinomian. He was exiled from Massachusetts because of his beliefs. He believed you couldn’t take land from Native Americans because they could be saved, Anglican Church is too corrupt, separation of church and state and religious toleration, you don’t have to listen to the bible or minister if you are already predetermined. Founder of Rhode Island. Anne Hutchinson-She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomians) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639. She allied with merchants. Said the bible was wrong. Visible saints- people who were godly Christians and who went to heaven when they died. Puritans believed that they were the saints of the world. Half-Way Covenant- The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn’t achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs. Dominion of New England- 1686 The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. An example that Britain was beginning to lose control of New England. Penns Holy Experiment- William Penn’s term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all. He was a Quaker. He was most likely gay so he wasn’t accepted by puritans but in Pennsylvania he could be free and safe because they believed that they are the same as everyone else. Nathaniel Bacon- Virginian planter who organized a militia of 500, attacked and killed Indians because some tribes caused planters problems. Then he marched the militia into Jamestown and burned it. House of Burgesses-1619 The Virginia House of Burgesses formed the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses. Indentured servants- People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free. Headright- Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists middle passage passage from the African west coast to the West Indies Enlightenment-A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700s and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God. It is believed that it influenced the American Revolution. Great Awakening- Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. The Great Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies. It believed in individualism and New Birth. Believed to influence American Revolution. George Whitefield- George Whitefield, an Anglican minister, led numerous revivals and preached a theology â€Å"scaled down to the comprehension of twelve-year-olds.† While not denying the doctrine of predestination, he preached a God responsive to good intentions. He believed in the concept of New Birth. Jonathan Edwards- Jonathan Edwards was the most famous native-born revivalist. In 1727 he â€Å"inherited† his grandfather’s pulpit in Northampton, Massachusetts, and dramatized hell’s fire and brimstone from the pulpit. Eventually in 1749 his parishioners voted to dismiss him. By the 1750s, the Great Awakening, the first truly national event in American history, had run its course. Although it had caused divisions, it also fostered religious toleration. His most famous work is â€Å"Sinners†. He believed one could become morally perfect. Mercantilism-Navigation Acts- the most important legislature that Britain passed on colonies. Says that all goods shipped on vessels built in UK, Raw material to UK only in UK ships, no manufacturing in colonies, 75% UK crews, all goods to other countries stop in UK for unloading. Congregationalism- Puritan system. Says that church is center of town and the meeting house. Congregation elects minister. Pilgrims Mayflower Compact- 1620 The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. It said that all people must adhere to majority rule, allegiance to king and church is the center of their town. Triangle Trade- The backbone of New England’s economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was known as the Middle Passage, when many slaves died on the ships). In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships returned to New England, where the molasses were used to make rum. Great Migration- Many Puritans emigrated from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s. During this time, the population of the Massachusetts Bay colony grew to ten times its earlier population. King Philips War- 1675 A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion. Covenant of Grace- Puritan teachings emphasized the biblical covenants: God’s covenants with Adam and with Noah, the covenant of grace between God and man through Christ. John Smith-Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. Virginia Company-Virginia was formed by the Virginia Company as a profit-earning venture. Starvation was the major problem; about 90% of the colonists died the first year, many of the survivors left, and the company had trouble attracting new colonists. They offered private land ownership in the colony to attract settlers, but the Virginia Company eventually went bankrupt and the colony went to the crown. Virginia did not become a successful colony until the colonists started raising and exporting tobacco. William Berkeley- the royal governor, Sir William Berkeley of Virginia. He was forced by Bacon to legitimize his power in order to take control of Jamestown and fight against Indians. seasoning time- period of time when new colonists became accustomed to the weather and hygiene conditions in the colony Toleration Act of 1649- 1649 Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colonys large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians. Maryland was unique in that it became a refuge for Catholic immigrants, and although Catholics were a minority in Maryland their rights were protected Jacob Leisler- In New York in 1689, Jacob Leisler seized control of the government for two years before being sent to the gallows. But for two decades struggles continued between those who shared Leisler’s dislike of English rule and those who had opposed his takeover. He took control of New York. He was arrested for denying English troops to enter key forts. He arrested many new Yorkers for questioning his authority. John Peter Zenger- Another political problem occurred when Governor William Cosby made a claim for back salary and was opposed by forces led by Lewis Morris. Morrisites established a weekly journal which was eventually closed down and which led to the trial for seditious libel of its editor, John Peter Zenger. Deism- The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. Albany Plan of Union- During the French and Indian War, Franklin wrote this proposal for a unified colonial government, which would operate under the authority of the British government. Gives the arousal of William Pitt. The first time the colonies unite. Great War for Empire- increased tensions between France and Britain. France puts up forts around their land. Britain is defeated in Ohio because they have really bad Generals and Native Americans are allied with France, But Irukoy Indians ally with Britain. It is the cause of the first meeting between all 13 colonies. William Pitt was appointed general and helped defeat the French. Regulator Movement- was the attempt to regulate taxes in North Carolina where citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials. While unsuccessful, some historians consider it a catalyst to the American Revolutionary War. Stono Rebellion in NY- the rebellion against slavery in New York. One of the earliest known organized rebellions in the present United States, it was led by native Africans who were Catholic and the rebellion was suppressed. Treaty of Paris (1763)- 1763 the Treaty of Paris ended hostilities and gave England dominance in North America. France is out of New World. North Carolina Regulators- Western frontiersmen who in 1768 rebelled in protest against the high taxes imposed by the Eastern colonial government of North Carolina, and whose organization was crushed by military force by Governor Tryon in 1771. In South Carolina, groups of vigilantes who organized to fight outlaw bands along the Western frontier in 1767-1769, and who disbanded when regular courts were established in those areas. Sugar Act (1764)- The passage of the Sugar Act (1764), which placed tariffs on sugar, coffee, wines, and other imported products, was denounced by the colonists as taxation without representation. Also in 1764, the government in London restricted the printing, although not the use of, paper money in the colonies. Salutary neglect- colonists resorted to smuggling and bribery to bypass Parliamentary regulations. Mercantilistic laws merely steered American economy toward England, and the colonies enjoyed almost continuous prosperity from 1650 until the Revolution. Proclamation of 1763- Proclamation of 1763. No settlers were to cross the Appalachian divide, only licensed traders could do business in that area, and the purchase of Indian land was outlawed. The purpose of the proclamation was to organize Great Britains new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. Tea Act 1773- The final crisis in the ongoing conflict over imperial control surfaced in 1773 when Parliament, in attempting to save the corrupt and inefficient British East India Company from bankruptcy, gave the company a monopoly on colonial tea trade. Although this action reduced the price of tea (middlemen were eliminated), Americans regarded it as a sly attempt to trap them into paying the tea tax. In Boston the situation deteriorated as Samuel Adams and other propagandists inflamed the public to a point that on December 16, 1773, the Boston Tea Party occurred. Coercive Acts 1774- All of these names refer to the same acts, passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, and which included the Boston Port Act, which shut down Boston Harbor; the Massachusetts Government Act, which disbanded the Boston Assembly (but it soon reinstated itself); the Quartering Act, which required the colony to provide provisions for British soldiers; and the Administration of Justice Act, which removed the power of colonial courts to arrest royal officers. Albany Plan-Stamp Act Congress 1765- taxed many kinds of printed matter, including newspapers, legal documents, and licenses. Was direct taxing by eng. An intercolonial Stamp Act Congress passed resolutions of protest, and relations were further strained as colonists burned the stamps, boycotted British goods, and the Sons of Liberty resorted to some violence. Parliament responded by repealing the Stamp Act (1766). Writs of Assistance- Search warrants issued by the British government. They allowed officials to search houses and ships for smuggled goods, and to enlist colonials to help them search. The writs could be used anywhere, anytime, as often as desired. The officials did not need to prove that there was reasonable cause to believe that the person subject to the search had committed a crime or might have possession of contraband before getting a writ or searching a house. The writs were protested by the colonies. Declaratory Act 1766- On the same day Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, it passed a Declaratory Act establishing its right to enact any colonial legislation it deemed proper. The Declaratory Act highlighted the degree to which British and Americans had drifted apart on the concepts of representation, constitution, and sovereignty. Townshend Acts 1767- Facing the possibility of a deficit budget, Parliament passed the Townshend Acts (1767) which placed new taxes on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea. Colonists immediately began boycotting British imports and influential Americans began questioning the basis of the British colonial system. The spectrum of debate ranged from the moderate views of John Dickinson to the radical opinions of Samuel Adams. Boston Massacre 1770- On March 5, 1770, idlers tossed snowballs at Redcoats guarding the Boston Custom House, and panicking soldiers fired their muskets into the crowd, killing five. Although radicals like Samuel Adams played up the incident, cooler heads prevailed and a post-massacre truce settled over British America. Circular Letter- a letter sent by Sam Adams to colonies that says taxing is unconstitutional. Virtual Actual Representation- Virtual representation means that a representative is not elected by his constituents, but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals. Actual representation mean that a representative is elected by his constituents. The colonies only had virtual representation in the British government. 1st-2nd Continental Congress- The First Continental Congress met to discuss their concerns over Parliaments dissolutions of the New York (for refusing to pay to quarter troops), Massachusetts (for the Boston Tea Party), and Virginia Assemblies. The First Continental Congress rejected the plan for a unified colonial government, stated grievances against the crown called the Declaration of Rights, resolved to prepare militias, and created the Continental Association to enforce a new non-importation agreement through Committees of Vigilence. In response, in February, 1775, Parliament declared the colonies to be in rebellion. It met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain. Sam Adams- A Massachusetts politician who was a radical fighter for colonial independence. Helped organize the Sons of Liberty and the Non-Importation Commission, which protested the Townshend Acts, and is believed to have lead the Boston Tea Party. He served in the Continental Congress throughout the Revolution, and served as Governor of Massachusetts from 1794-1797. John Dickenson- Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence. Sons of Liberty- A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. Unit II Terms Olive Branch Petition- a petition sent by John Dickinson during the Second Continental Congress to George III of Britain to try and reconcile their feuds. It fails to have any effect because by the time the petition arrives in Britain George III knows about Bunker’s Hill and declares Massachusetts in open rebellion so he cuts off all imports to colonies, which will cause major economic problems. Common Sense- a testament written by Tomas Paine to challenge the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. He writes it to try and create a greater awareness that colonist need independence. It is simple and easy to read. Called for colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England. Attacked King George III and the monarchy itself. As a result, Continental Congress unleashed privateers against British commerce, open American ports, established state governments. Loyalists- colonists that fight for the British during the Revolution. They included Canadian elites in fear of Americans spreading into their land, some native Americans, and were influenced by the Whigs. They wanted to remain loyal to the British king. Yorktown (1781)- The Battle of Yorktown. It is the decisive battle that ends the Revolutionary War. It forced the British to surrender and negotiate some sort of agreement between America. It leads to the Treaty of Paris 1783 which acknowledged the colonies as independent. Thomas Paine- author of Common Sense. He wanted to create more awareness to colonists about what Britain was doing. He wanted to inspire colonists to do something about their independence. Declaration of Independence- the statement adopted on July 4th that declared that the colonies were no longer part of Britain. Sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots and helped to start the American Revolution by allowing England to hear of the colonists disagreements with British authority. Franco-American Alliance-Saratoga (1778)- an alliance formed between France and the United States. France agrees to help America militarily and economically to defeat and weaken Britain. Articles of Confederation (1781)- The first form of federal government. It had limited national power. It requires a unanimous vote from all colonies to ratify a law, donations instead of taxes, inadequate central government. Gave states independence and more power over national government (able to form treaties, control foreign policy, coin money). Its successes were the Land ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance 1787. Peace of Paris (1783)- Treaty between America and Britain. It recognizes America’s independence. It required all British troops to be evacuated as long as loyalists were paid; all land east of Mississippi went to America, fishing rights of grand banks. Saratoga-Yorktown- two important and decisive battles for America. They are both victories for America.   Republican Motherhood- Came from US War of Independence. Concept that women should educate themselves in the principles of liberty, independence, and democracy so as to inculcate the coming generation with these republican values. This was one sign that women were becoming more respected as intellectually capable. Shays Rebellion 1786- Daniel Shay (Revolutionary War veteran) gathered farmers and marched to courthouse because of trade issues and taxes, preventing state Supreme Court from meeting. State sent troops to fight them and suppressed them. Shay and his rebellion were arrested. Land Ordinance of 1785 -Provided for surveying western territories into 6 square mile townships before sale at auction. Compromise between south’s sale to individuals and NE’s sale to groups or companies. 1 section for education and schooling. Imposts -Section 8 of the Constitution. Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the US. But all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the US. Annapolis Convention 17855 -states met â€Å"to discuss common problems of commerce†. All talk, no action. Decided not to make any changes due to lack of reps from other states, so Hamilton suggested they meet in Philadelphia to â€Å"fix† the Articles of Confederation. 3/5 Compromise-North argued slaves should be counted for federal taxation. South disagreed but still wanted slaves counted as people to determine number in House of Representatives. Eventually Every slave counted as 3/5 of a person. 1808 Compromise- Allowed the slave trade to continue, but placed a date-certain on its survival. Congress eventually passed a law outlawing the slave trade that became effective on January 1, 1808. Virginia Plan- a political plan that wanted 2 houses; upper and lower. A strong central government and representation that is proportional to population.   New Jersey Plan- a political plan that wanted equal representation in every state regardless of population.   Northwest Ordinance of 1787- Establishes government for West. First governed by governor and 3 judges, then territory with legislature, and then state. Determines process of dividing territory and writing territory constitution. Banded by Ohio Mississippi Rivers and Great Lakes. Same rights as original 13 states. Prohibited slavery. Great Compromise- Delegates at Great Convention decided to have bicameral legislature: Lower House- House of Representatives dependent on population (Virginia Plan – favored by larger states) and Upper House- Senate, with equal number of representatives per state (2 per state) (New Jersey Plan – small states). All revenue bills begin in house. Any bill that says it will take money will begin in house of representatives because they are closer to the people. The Federalists Papers 1788- by Madison, Jay and Hamilton. To convince voters in Virginia and New York that constitution was worth a chance. Had little impact but finally New York and Virginia supported it. Checks and balances- Phrase to describe the separation of powers/branches of government. By dividing powers between legislature, executive (President), and judiciary, no one branch can be too powerful. Each one can â€Å"check† the other’s actions. Antifederalists -People against federalists in 1787. Disagreed with the Constitution because they believed peoples rights were being taken away without a Bill of Rights. Appealed to â€Å"common man† as they didn’t want an elected aristocracy. Gave in a bit when promised the Bill of Rights, which they wanted because the British constitution is unwritten so no one can claim any rights. Bill of Rights 1791- By Madison (since he wrote the Constitution too). First 10 amendments of Constitution. Added in 1791. Guarantees civil liberties like freedom of speech, free press, and freedom of religion, etc. written to satisfy the needs of states fearful of losing their rights (anti-federalists. Hamiltons Economic Plans 1792-94- Funding and Assumption. (Funding- funding the national debt. Spend your way out of debt by funding the old debt. Government taxes and uses bonds (citizens lend government money) people who gave money will pay taxes, will want government to succeed so they get their money back.) (Assumption- the central government takes (assumes) all of the state debts.) Funding and assumption later lead to the formation of political parties. Whiskey Rebellion 1795- 1st major challenge to federal authority. Small rebellion that began in Southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794. Challenge to the national governments unjust use of an excise tax on whiskey. Washington crushed the rebellion with excessive force, proving the strength of the national governments power in its military. Shows that constitution is supreme law and that there are severe limits to what people can do to oppose government.

The Computer Ethics | Essay

The Computer Ethics | Essay The computer and the Internet is probably the greatest tool that people rely on in the modern world today. However, they are the most unrestricted form of technology. Identity theft, stealing, fraud, and plagiarizing can now be done electronically and anonymously. There are people in the world that intend to hurt others through the computer. As such, it is important to not only understand a code of ethics to prevent harming yourself and others, but to also develop methods to protect yourself. Code of Ethics It is always important that when operating a computer that one does not harm other people. Unethical decisions in the use of the computer are as varying and harmful as acts committed directly against other people. The internet is very vast, and it does contain information and data, but it also provides dangers. There are as many dangerous activities through the internet as outside the computer and then some. Viruses, hacking, committing fraud, plagiarizing can all be done through a computer. Therefore, a code of honor should be established for anyone wishing to use the computer. Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics. The Computer Ethics Institute created the Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics. 1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people. 2. Thou shalt not interfere with other peoples computer work. 3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other peoples computer files. 4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal. 5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness. 6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid. 7. Thou shalt not use other peoples computer resources without authorization or proper compensation. 8. Thou shalt not appropriate other peoples intellectual output. 9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing. 10. Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that insure consideration and respect for your fellow humans. (Lee) Personal Care. A computer is personal property to the owner, and he or she may do as they wish with the computer. However, a computer is the same as any property such as a house or a car. It is important to take care of the computer so that it operates safely as long as possible. This means to avoid any behaviors that would harm the computer or that will harm you. An example is giving personal information to sites that should not be trusted and could result in identity theft. Maintain an anti-virus software program to prevent virus attacks and always maintain and update the Computer. If a computer was a car, the same rule applies. A car should regularly be checked and sent for a tune-up. Respect Property. As always, it is important to take care of your computer. However, it is just as important to respect and properly use other computers. The same old rule applies; treat others property as you want your property to be treated. There are several risky behaviors on the computer that can harm it, and should be avoided on another persons computer. As a general rule, treat another computer better than your own. Not only does this apply to a friends personal computer, but also to the computers at school or at the library that provide public access. Remember that access to these computers is a privilege and should be respected. There are several important behaviors to observe when operating a different computer than your own. First, never operate a computer without permission. There may be special circumstances that you may be unaware. Second, always take good care of the equipment; the keyboard, the mouse, CDs, and hard drive itself. Finally, never download material or do anything potentially harmful to the computer. An illegal act could cause trouble for the owner or harm the computer and information it contains. Intellectual Property Intellectual property is any creation of the mind. Certain property is protected under Copyright Law, such as: Scientific discoveries Works of art or literature Inventions Designs Films or television programs Trademarks and names Computer programs Entertainment The Internet and Intellectual Property. As mentioned several times, the Internet is a source of a vast amount of information. The Internet is not a library or book, the Internet is for the most part unmanaged, unedited, unsupervised; anyone can post information on Internet for all to see. (Emmans) Information or creative works are not limited to copyright protected companies or organizations. Anyone can place information or creative work on the Internet. There are no physical boundaries to protect against the infringement of copyright. With free access to the Internet, any user may steal information anonymously and claim it as their own and this makes Intellectual Property almost unenforceable on the Internet. Protecting Against Plagiarism. Fortunately, there are tools available on the Internet to ensure users that they properly give credit to the information on the Internet. First, many sites available assist students in creating the proper citations for their sources. Good examples of these include Easybib and Citationmachine. These sites allow the user to enter the information of the source that they used, from either the Internet or elsewhere, and the device creates the proper citation. Jus the same, there are websites available to check the authenticity of a source of information, either a website or another type of information. An example is Turnitin.com, which allows teachers to analyze students work for plagiarized information. Other sites can be used to find if other website is credible or not. Finally, databases are an excellent tool for student or researchers. Databases contain well-documented articles from professional journals to even whole books, while also providing the sour ce information. Any student should take advantage of the tools available on the Internet to properly cite information and to find real sites. Placing Information on the Internet. When placing items on the Internet always make sure that the source of the information or media is cited. Also, when running a website, always include information to the ownership of the site and when it was updated. In this way, people can cite your website if they wish. Also, when maintaining a website, update regularly and maintain the site constantly. A website that has not been updated in years or does not have the proper links does not appear to be a good website. Limiting Access Free Speech. In American, everyone has a right to free speech, but where does this cross the line on the Internet? While people have a freedom of speech, there are limits in the physical world. For example, a person cannot slander or falsify against someone that will harm them. For example, claiming that a political opponent stole money from the treasury when this is not true is illegal. However, in the realm of the Internet, where there are no boundaries or enforcement, anything that can be said is said without punishment. The Internet is an excellent source of information, but as said before, websites should be evaluated before they are considered trustworthy or capable. An excellent example is Wikipedia, a free-access reference site. The site is well maintained and there is plenty of information with credible sources. However, anyone can edit a page on Wikipedia, and some of the facts may be false if not blatantly. In addition, on the Internet, there is a large amount of media, music, videos and images, even derogatory images and videos. Given that there is free-access, children may accidentally find these inappropriate images from innocent searches. Schools and Libraries. Schools and Libraries can help protect students and children from unrestricted access to the Internet. School and Library servers can now be fitted with restrictions that will block harmful or inappropriate websites. For students, this is very helpful in keeping them from exploring harmful sites while still having access to find information. In Libraries, it is important to protect the computers and restrictions on the internet help in this task, since many people come and go on the computers. (Emmans) Parental Control. Still the best protection for children is parental oversight. Children should not operate the computer or navigate the Internet themselves. This should also be applied to teenagers. Cindy Emman writes, A minor walking into a store to try to buy pornography can be stopped; a minor logging into the Internet can easily pose as an adult no one is the wiser. Parents should monitor teens use of the computer and teach their children proper use of the internet. (Emmans) Conclusion There are many concerns for the use of the computers. There are many harms that are created by others and there are harms created by the operator. Fortunately, there are methods developing to defend against harmful viruses, internet theft, and plagiarizing. The key for the prosperity of the computer is that each owner of the computer exhibits proper behavior, and anyone can turn to the Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics as a guide. Remember; never do anything that would harm another.

The Objectivity of History :: Expository Essays Research Papers

The Objectivity of History The issues that are raised in this source by Marc Trachtenberg are is whether or not objectivity is still a relevant idea, and if it is not then is history in fact dying. Keith Jenkins' "What is History?," Carl Becker's "What are Historical Facts?" and Richard Evans' "In Defence of History" will be used to discuss and examine these issues. Marc Trachtenberg is questioning if objectivity is possible and desirable in today's society, and this is a question that many historians have pondered. Keith Jenkins and Richard Evans are the two historians that will be used in relation to this debate. Trachtenberg believes that history should be ultimately obtainable however, he is worried that the way in which society is heading that it will soon become an obsolete ideology. His believes that history's ultimate goal is to discover the truth. Trachtenberg believes that you should "put your political beliefs aside and frame questions in such a way that the answers turned on what the evidence showed." He realizes that this may be a slightly naà ¯ve idea however he still stands by this belief even when others such as Keith Jenkins have totally given up on objectivity. Keith Jenkins in his article "What is history" sets outs his opinion on why objectivity is in fact impossible to achieve in the study of history. His perception is that that "actual past has gone" and in its place we have created history in the present and that the "content is as much invented as found." His theory is that a historian cannot escape his or her own preconceived ideas and personal motives to the extent that history could be written in an objective way. He goes as far to set out the steps and within the reasons why historians write the way they do. He says that through the selection of evidence the historian's prejudices are at work, disregarding pieces that do not fit in with their own ideologies. Jenkins was a post modernist historian and his context is important in why he thought they way he did. The post modernist movement was one that believed that historical objectivity was an oxymoron and that history was more of an entertainment than an arm of academic study. The post modernism movement was established after the confusion of the World Wars. This explains why their notions on history because scientific history had been the prevailing idea in history until this occurred.

Malaysian Speech Language Pathologists Practices Education Essay

1.0 IntroductionThe best indicant to find the local prevalence of kids with developmental disablement is from international surveies which have suggested that more than 10 % of all kids in the universe have developmental disablement ( Amar 2008 ) . Using this rate to local population under 15 old ages old with the figure of 9.2 million ( Department of Statistics Malaysia 2011 ) , approximative 920,000 kids with disablement would be found in Malaysia. Speech Language Pathologists ( SLPs ) play a important function in assisting the communicating development of individuals ( ASHA 2005 ) so that they are able to populate inclusively in society as stated in Persons with Disabilities Act 2008 ( Government of Malaysia 2008 ) . In the mid-1990, merely less than five Speech Language Diagnosticians who trained overseas were working locally in Malaysia which ensuing of amazing 1: 2.5 million Speech Language Pathologist to people ratio ( Ahmad 2010 ) . Finally, formal local Speech Language Pathologist preparation started in the late 1990 ( Sharma 2008 ) . Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) is the innovator to offer Bachelor of Speech Science with Honors while Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) began offering their Speech Pathology plan in 2004-2005. By 2011, more than 175 Speech Language Pathologists had graduated from the universities ( Aishah 2012- unpublished ) and are functioning to the community in different scenes. Lian & A ; Abdullah ( 2001 ) found that the profession of Speech Language Pathologist is still in its babyhood phase in Malaysia. The profession still needs old ages to turn and maturate ( Kosta 2005 ) . Indeed, many Malayan Speech Language Diagnosticians have indicated that they face great challenges to keep good profession patterns. The challenges are unfavourable working environment, deficit of Speech Language Pathologists, high caseload, small chances for go oning instruction and other factors ( Ahmad 2010 ; Sharma 2008 ) . Despite many challenges that affect Malayan Speech Language Pathologists patterns when pull offing instances, the balance between pragmatism and professionalism should be achieved in order to supply equity and quality of service proviso ( Ahmad 2010 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . American Speech-Language-Hearing Association ( ASHA ) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) define Developmental Disability ( DD ) as terrible chronic conditions that occur in an single due to physical and or mental damage. Examples of developmental disablement are rational disablement such as Down ‘s syndrome, neuromuscular upsets such as intellectual paralysis, sightlessness, hearing damage, larning disablements, epilepsy, and Autism Spectrum Disorder ( ASD ) ( Decoufle et al. 1994 ) . The oncoming of the conditions is before 22 old ages of age and will normally stay throughout the person ‘s life-time. Peoples with developmental disablement have restrictions and jobs in his or her major functional life activities such as acquisition, working, walking, speech production and other countries ( ASHA 2005 & A ; CDC 2011 ) . Paul ( 2001 ) described kids in the Developing Language Stage ( DLS ) as group of kids who are still at the period of larning to unite words into sentences and they have expressive vocabularies larger than 50 words. Developing Language Phase occurs between 2 and 5 old ages of age for typical developing kids. Another manner to depict Developing Language Stage is that it refers to linguistic communication degree in Brown ‘s Stage II-V. This indicated average lengths of vocalization ( MLU ) of more than two but less than five morphemes. The type of sentence produced by them are at the scope of additive simple sentences with outgrowth of grammatical morphemes, like â€Å" my cat ‘s feeding † to intensify sentences, like â€Å" I drink milk and daddy drink java † ( Shipley & A ; McAfee 2009 ) . Developing Language Phase is the most explosive phase of linguistic communication development for kindergartner to develop from telegraphic vocalizations to basic sentence constructions ( Paul 2001 ) . For kids with developmental disablement, they needs appropriate intercession to travel through this phase ( Paul 2001 ; International Centre for Allied Health Evidence 2007 ; Law et al. 2010 ) . Hence, this is an of import passage gate for them to either remain at the same phase or to turn and come in the Language for Learning Stage. Malayan Speech Language Pathologists play great function to ease the acquisition of this group of kids. This is because mean caseload seen by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists particularly those who are working general infirmary consists of paediatric instances ( Aishah 2012- unpublished ; Sharma 2008 ) . From all the paediatric instance, Speech Language Disorder ( SLD ) is the most prevailing type of communicating damage seen by Speech Language Patholo gists in general infirmary ( Aishah 2012- unpublished ) . Therefore, this survey will function as a mention for the professionals in address and linguistic communication pathology about the pattern by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage. Opinions and recommendations by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists sing the bing issues will besides be collected to give more in-depth apprehension about the pattern by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists. Besides, this survey will supply feedbacks to the professional associations & A ; universities about the development of Malayan Speech Language Pathologists. Clinical pattern guidelines related to communicating upset in kids are good documented by professional association from western states because they provide relevant statements sing clinical direction that are based on the available current groundss including adept clinical sentiments ( Hargrove et al. 2008 & A ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . The guidelines besides assist Speech Language Pathologists in clinical determination devising procedure and to supply high criterions of minimal best patterns services ( Hargrove et al. 2008 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Looking back to Malaysia, guideline constitution for the profession of speech linguistic communication pathology in the local context is still developing due to limited resources and work force. Based on the guidelines documented by American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and Royal College of Speech Language Therapists ( RCSLP ) , few common chief clinical procedures are highlighted and overly discussed to guarantee minimal best pa ttern to be practiced by the Speech Language Pathologists. The procedures are attack used in direction, appraisal, planning and intervention ( ASHA 2005 ; Gerber & A ; Prizant 2008 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Approach used in speech linguistic communication pathology direction could be delivered utilizing different attacks harmonizing to the state of affairs by either working independently or in close partnership with squad members ( SPA 2001 ) . However, coaction that involves household centered, squad working and culturally appropriate services is able to guarantee effectual direction to the kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage ( ASHA 2005 ; Diane 2011 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Family-centered is a set of interrelated beliefs, rules and values that practiced by the facilitators including Speech Language Pathologists to back up and beef up the kid ‘s household capacity to heighten and advance his development and acquisition ( Dunst 2002 ) . Through working in a multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary squad, Speech Language Diagnosticians do non provides services in isolation. Alternatively, this teaming establishes a joint intent and shared ends throughout the direction among the households, professionals and the kid ( ASHA 2005 ) . The cultural background of the households and the kid with Developmental Disability is really meaningful in service proviso particularly in Malaysia, a state which is good known by its multi-ethnicity, multi-cultures and multi-linguistics. Multicultural fluctuations that ever encountered by Speech Language Diagnosticians are values about acquisition, beliefs and perceptual experience about kid functions in the household, outlooks for child behaviour at different developmental degrees and household perceptual experiences and attitudes toward a â€Å" disablement † ( Diane & A ; Froma 2011 ) . Assessment involves roll uping relevant informations about the kid ‘s conditions to make a diagnosing while diagnosing entails placing and understanding the jobs or shortages of the kid ( Paul 2001 ) . Both assessment and diagnosing are ongoing procedures because the diagnosing of the kid could alter over clip as the turning and development of him or her are besides ongoing ( Haynes & A ; Pindzola 2004 ) . The chief grounds for appraisal are to get at a good apprehension of the kid ‘s job, to set up the baseline degree of operation, to ease ends be aftering for intercession and to mensurate the advancement of the kid in intervention ( Haynes & A ; Pindzola 2004 ; Paul 2001 ) . Appraisal with kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage is encouraged to see all relevant modes across different contexts utilizing appropriate appraisal tools ( Paul 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ; Haynes & A ; Pindzola 2004 ) . In add-on, appraisal of developmental age or menta l age is normally used by Speech Language Pathologists during diagnosing to qualify the kid ‘s functional accomplishments. But, many Speech Language Pathologists excessively have been discouraged to trust entirely on the usage of developmental age appraisal during diagnosing because it could non reflect the high variableness among the kids ( DeVeney et al. 2012 ) . Based on the assessment findings, the planning of intercession plan specifies the ends and the procedure of intercession by sing the kid ‘s damage, demands and outlooks ( Paul 2001 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . The planning aims to place and develop meaningful and contributing acquisition environment for the kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage in functional day-to-day activities ( ASHA 2005 ) . Hence, relevant and possible schemes, contexts, issues, result and timeline should be documented to ease the service provided by Speech Language Pathologists is coordinated, comprehensive and holistic ( Diane 2011 ; Paul 2001 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Besides, Speech Language Diagnosticians are strongly encouraged to follow Evidence-Based Practice ( EBP ) to help clinical determination ( ASHA 2005 ; Brankenbury 2008 ; Diane 2011 ; Johnson 2006 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Evidence-Based Practice ( EBP ) encourages the Speech Language Patholog ists to take consideration of ( a ) current high-quality scientific research ; ( B ) Speech Language Pathologists expertness and experience ; and ( degree Celsius ) household ‘s penchants, values, and involvements ( Diane 2011 ) . It is an of import portion of effectual and ethical directions as it guides Speech Language Pathologists to extinguish methods which appear no or minimal clinical effects ( Brankenbury 2008 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Besides, Evidence-Based Practice besides helps the profession of speech linguistic communication pathology to accomplish higher answerability and credibleness ( Johnson 2006 ) . Effective instruction techniques ( ASHA 2005 ; Dunst et Al. 2011 ; Law et al. 1999 ; Law 2003 ) are really of import to find the result of the intervention plan. There are three types ‘ of intercession methods that are didactic, realistic, and combination of didactic & A ; realistic attacks ( Dunst et al. 2011 ; Law et al. 1999 ; Law 2003 ) . The classification of different type of intercession methods is non purposes for Speech Language Pathologists to take merely one method and utilize it systematically. In fact, it prepares a repertory of methods available for Speech Language Pathologists to fit the acquisition of the kid with the specific ends that have targeted ( Paul 2001 ) . In this manner, the efficiency of the intervention for the kid with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage is maximized. Introduction of appropriate stuffs or activities ( ASHA 2005 ) , single acquisition environment ( ASHA 2005 ; Dunst et Al. 2011 ) , assistive engineerings ( Sand ra & A ; Sahoby 2006 ) and Augmentative and Alternative Communication ( AAC ) systems ( Millar et Al. 2006 ; Rose et Al. 1999 ) are all portion of duties of Speech Language Pathologists in giving intervention to the kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage. These constituents facilitate the acquisition and growth of the kid in a familiar nature environment which is filled with synergistic communicating and societal routines/activities. Besides, the debut besides promotes the kid to generalise the new accomplishments to new state of affairs that would go on in mundane contexts. Back to Malaysia, Joginder Singh et Al. ( 2011 ) reported that Malayan Speech Language Pathologists demonstrated best pattern in many countries but fail to make in some other countries when supplying services to pre-symbolic kids. Approach used in speech linguistic communication pathology direction which consist the coaction of household centred, squad direction and culturally appropriate services is found barely practiced ( Lim 2008-unpublish ) ; Diane 2011 ; Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ; Othman 2010 ) . Furthermore, Lian & A ; Abdullah ( 2001 ) found that Malayan Speech Language Pathologists were likely to trust on informal appraisals because formal appraisals are limited in the local market. When measuring pre-symbolic kids, Malayan Speech Language Pathologists showed low trust of roll uping communicating sample and roll uping informations out of clinic ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ) . Looking into intercession pattern, Malayan Speech Language Pathologists demonstrate different int ercession attacks and techniques across different scenes ( Lian & A ; Abdullah 2001 ) . In other custodies, Augmentative and Alternative Communication ( AAC ) systems and assistive engineerings are non famously introduced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists to better the efficiency of the intervention plan ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ) .2.0 RESEARCH QUESTIONSHow Malayan Speech Language Pathologists holistically manage kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage? What are the bing issues faced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists when pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage? What are the recommendations for better pattern suggested by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists when pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage?3.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE3.1 General ObjectiveTo analyze Malayan Speech Language Pathologists ‘ patterns in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage.3.2 Specific AimsTo find the specific clinical constituents practiced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage as are attacks used, assessment, planning and intervention. To find the bing issues faced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage. To depict the recommendations suggested by Malayan Speech Language Diagnosticians of better pattern in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage.4.0 METHODOLOGY4.1 Research DesignThis is a cross-sectional qualitative and quantitative survey via study.4.2 Sampling PopulationThe population of this survey covers all Malayan Speech Language Pathologists.4.3 Study SiteParticipants will be recruited from all 14 provinces in Malaysia.4.4 Sampling MethodPurposive sampling method is used for this survey. All participants who fulfill the inclusion standards ( Please refer to 4.6 ) will be recruited.4.5 Sampling FrameThe contact lists of Speech Language Pathologists who graduated from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) and Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) will be obtained in order to administer the study to all alumnas members. The study will be besides mailed or/and posted to all Speech Language Pathologists working with Ministry of Health and to all members listed in the directories of local professional organic structures ( i.e. Malayan Association of Speech-Language & A ; Hearing ( MASH ) and others ) .4.6 Sample Inclusion CriterionParticipants inclusion standards: Qualified Speech Language Pathologists and practising locally. However, Speech Language Pathologists who have non had experience in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage will be indicated in the study to return the study without farther responses ( Please refer Appendix A ) .4.7 Sample Size CalculationAishah ( 2012-unpublish ) reported that there are 175 SLPs registered in the UKM and USM alumni from local universities by the twelvemonth 2011. Besides Speech Language Pathologists who have obtained their makings locally, Speech Language Pathologists who graduated from overseas are besides included in the survey, with the status that they are presently practising locally. Hence, the population of Malayan Speech Language Pathologists is estimated to be between the scope of 175 to 250 Speech Language Pathologists. The mean of the scope of 210 Speech Language Pathologists will be used as N, in the undermentioned computation: I†¡A?NP ( 1-P ) = 3.84 ten ( 210 ) ( 0.5 ) ( 1-0.5 ) dA? ( N-1 ) + I†¡A?P ( 1-P ) 0.05A? ( 210-1 ) + 3.84 ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 ) = 137 participants Happening of backdown and bead out of 10 % is farther considered in the sample size computation. Entire topics = nn__ 1-0.1 = _137_ 0.9 = 152 participantssubjects Therefore, a sum of 152 topics participants will be recruited in this survey.6.54.8 Data CollectionThe study utilized for this survey is adapted from several surveies that focus on happening similar results on SLP patterns ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ; Mustaffa Kamal et Al. 2012 ; Othman 2010 ; Stuck 2012 ) . The study is constructed utilizing English because the participants involved in this survey are qualified Malayan Speech Language Pathologists who have English proficiency. The study contains the undermentioned subdivisions: Part A: Demographic Data Part B: Specific Clinical Components 7 parts that are Demographic informations, Approaches used, Assessment, Planning, Treatment, Opinions sing bing issue and Recommendations of better pattern. Close-ended inquiries utilizing 5 points LikertLikert grading and multiple picks are included in the study. Besides, and open-eopen-ended inquiries are besides included. nded inquiries are included. ( Please refer to Appendix A ) . Survey and information sheet will be distributed to the Speech Language Pathologists SLPs via electronic mail and/or gpost. QuestionPro ‘s online study package will be used to administer the study via electronic mail. Meanwhile, Ffor Speech Language Pathologists SLPs who will have the study and information sheet via postmailing, a reply-paid envelope is included for them to return the study. SLPs will be informed that the returning of completed questionnaire study indicate consent to take part in this survey. A follow-up reminder electronic mail or phone call will be sent to Speech Language Pathologists SLP ten 10 yearss after the initial distribution. A 2nd reminder electronic mail or phone call will be sent 2 hebdomads subsequently.64..96 Validity and Reliability of SurveyThe study will be piloted on 10 participants. Concept, content and face cogency will be determined by modifying the points consequently ( following the pilot survey ) through feedback from the participants. To find how closely related the set of points are grouped in the study, internal dependability of the study constituents will be assessedachieved by ciphering Cronbach ‘s Alpha Coefficientusing Cronbach ‘s alpha. This will demo how closely related the set of points are as a group in the study.6.74.10 Statistical TrialThe quantitative informations obtained from closed-ended inquiries in the study will be analyzed utilizing descriptive statistics. From the study, 11 out of 20 closed-ended inquiries are far ther divided into sub-items. Hence, factor analysis via chief component analysis ( PCA ) is used as a information decrease technique. Items in the study that measured the same implicit in concept will be grouped together. Analysis method used by Mathers-Schmidt & A ; Kurlinski ( 2003 ) will be adopted in this survey. Descriptive statistics ( per centums ) of the grouped-items is calculated to look into the grade of which specific clinical constituents are used. First, to find which specific clinical constituents of Speech Language PathologistsSLPs ‘ pattern are most normally used, the per centum of responses for each reply option ( ne'er, seldom, sometime, normally, or ever ) will be calculated. Percentages of response for option â€Å" normally † and â€Å" ever † are combined. The specific clinical constituents are so categorized into 3 groups: ( 1 ) constituents usually/always used by 90 % or more of the topics ; ( 2 ) constituents usually/always used by 50-90 % of the topics ; and ( 3 ) constituents usually/always used by less than 50 % of the topics. Second, consistence of the specific clinical constituents practiced by the topics will be determined. The information will be categorized as follows: ( 1 ) extremely consistent-75 % of topics indicated the same frequence of usage ; ( 2 ) reasonably consistent-50-75 % topics indicated the same frequence of usage ; ( 3 ) and inconsistent-less than 50 % of topics indicated the same frequence of usage for a peculiar clinical constituent.6.84.11 Research Procedure6.94.12 Gantt ChartYear/Month Undertaking Activities 2012 2013 July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mac Apr May Literature Review Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Proposal Presentation Ten SurveyDevelopment Ten Ten Ten Application for Ethical motives Ten Ten Pilot Study Ten Ten Data Collection Ten Ten Ten Ten Datas Analysis Ten Ten Ten Ten Report Writing Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Concluding Presentation Ten6.104.13 Information Sheet and Consent FormThe information sheet that will administer to the topics is attached in Appendix B. Meanwhile, the topics will be informed that the returning of completed questionnaire indicate their consent to take part in this survey.

Nationalism Is a Recipie for Peace and International Order, Discuss.

â€Å"Nationalism is a recipe for peace and international order†. Discuss. Nationalism is primarily the belief in bringing the borders of the state in line with the boundaries of the nation, yet within it exist many strands which disagree as to how this ought to be done. Liberal Nationalism champions the idea that nations are sovereign entities, entitled to liberty, and also possessing rights, most importantly the right of self-determination. Therefore Liberalism does not condone forms of foreign dominion, and hence condemns expansionism through violence, and so may be described as maintaining peace.Furthermore, Liberal Nationalists believe that the ideal world would be constructed of independent, sovereign nation-states. They also believe that these nation-states are equal, like the individuals within them, and that each will be entitled to self-determinism and as all these nation-states are equal and no chauvinism exists, it cannot be stated that Liberal Nationalists would a dvocate expansionism due to a global hierarchy, as Expansionist Nationalism does. Liberal Nationalists believe that the establishment of a world of nation-states with equal self-determination is a means of establishing international peace and order.Past wars were merely a result of the ‘old order’ which was dominated by autocratic and militaristic empires which sought to obtain the dominions of other nations through violence in order for economic reasons or ideological ones. Democratic nation states would respect the national sovereignty of their neighbours and have no incentive to wage war or subjugate others. Liberal Nationalists believe that Nationalism is a force that is capable of promoting both unity within each nation and brotherhood amongst all nations on the basis of mutual respect for national rights and characteristics.Liberal Nationalists would argue that it would be almost impossible to achieve both peace and international order in a world which is not form ulated from nation-states, as these states would not be able to correctly legislate and satisfy the desires of the individuals which compose the nation and so stimulating internal aggravation, which if existent in every non-nation-state would lead to global conflict. However though promoting peace, there seems to be an internal contradiction within Liberal Nationalism.Though it preserves self-government and forbids foreign control, it also creates a world of sovereign nation-states in which each nation has the freedom to pursue its own interests, possibly at the expense of other nations. Though this may be made less of a possibility in recent times, with mechanisms such as democracy and constitutionalism in place, unlike in societies where liberals would state a ‘Social contract’ exists which prevent peoples freedom being infringed upon through others exercising their own freedoms, on an international scale this does not exist.This suggests that when sovereign nations o perate within conditions of ‘international anarchy’, self-restraint alone may not be sufficient to ensure what Kant called ‘Perpetual peace’. Liberal Nationalists have two means of ensuring that this perpetual peace exists in the modern world. The first of these is free trade. This serves as a deterrent to war as economic interdependence means that the material costs of international conflict are so great that warfare would prove extremely detrimental to the economic state and social welfare of all those involved.Secondly, the existence and creation of international organisations capable of bringing order to an otherwise lawless international scene would serve to promote and retain peace as international disputes may be settled by these organisations acting as neutral arbiters. This is exemplified by the League of Nations envisaged by Woodrow Wilson or more currently the United Nations. However, the belief that Nationalism may be a force for peace and inter national order is brought into doubt upon examination of the Expansionist Nationalism strand of Nationalism.Whilst Liberal Nationalism focuses on the establishment of a world of nation-states through self-determinism, Expansionist Nationalism focuses on territorial expansion justified through chauvinism and the existence of a racial hierarchy. This commitment to aggression and militarism held by Expansionist Nationalists may be described as the opposite of a principled belief in national self-determinism held by Liberal Nationalists. One justification for expansionism was its importance to society.Most prominent during the colonial era, war was advocated as a means of achieving national prestige. This imperialism resulted in jingoism in the successful country and was seen as promoting the image of that particular nation and so war was not so much portrayed as a negative if the conquerors emerged victorious. However, another justification would be that it is almost a moral obligation for those more advanced in the racial hierarchy to conquer the lands and civilise those who reside within them who are further down the hierarchy.Through this expansionism those exercising it would be making the world a better and essentially more peaceful place, as if this was exercised to the extreme of world domination the whole world would then conform to the views and beliefs on this original one nation and so also establishing world order. Yet the existence of chauvinism as a force within ideology does nothing to promote peace directly, as chauvinism is primarily an exaggerated, bellicose patriotism and a belligerent belief in national superiority and glory which would not fail to create conflict between nations as each struggle to survive or conquer.In conclusion, though the strands vary widely on their beliefs I believe that Nationalism is a recipe for international order and peace. This is due to the fact that though Expansionist Nationalism exists, it was mainly prominent in the Colonial Era and to be exercised in the current political climate would incur serious repercussions from international organisations such as the United Nations and so it is clear that Liberal Nationalism is the more widely followed strand. It is merely the chauvinism involved in Expansionist Nationalism which would serve to break down international order and peace as a pose to building it.