Introduction of 4ps free essay sample

Marketing The 4 Ps of marketing are Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. Think of each of these as a variable which you control. The idea is to set these variables in such a way so that sales will take place. You cannot make a customer pull out her credit card, but you can certainly help her in coming to a decision by setting the right price, the retail location, the level of advertising and even product attributes such as colour or perceived quality. You control everything but the customer herself. These variables are all interdependent. Taken together, they constitute a certain mix. This is often referred to as the marketing mix. In defining this mix it is also necessary to take into account your competitors mix as well as your overall corporate goals and objectives. The idea is to come up with a mix that will clearly differentiate your products from those of your competitors while considering your corporate goals. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction of 4ps or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, your company may wish to offer a high-end luxury type of product since your competitors are addressing the mass market and this is consistent with your companys goal of owning  the market for top-of-the-line products of this category. Definition of 4P’s Product: The marketing mix concept has its roots in the 1950s U. S. corporate marketing world, and the practice of marketing has obviously evolved tremendously since this term was invented. One of the changes is that there are a lot more services available nowadays, such as those available online. Also, the distinction between product and service has become more blurry. Either way, product here refers to products or services. The product or service you offer needs to be able to meet a specific, existing market demand. Or, you need to be able to create a market niche through building a strong brand. Price: The price you set for your product or service plays a large role in its marketability. Pricing for products or services that are more commonly available in the market is more elastic, meaning that unit sales will go up or down more responsively in response to price changes. By contrast, those products that have a generally more limited availability in the market are more inelastic, meaning that price changes will not affect unit sales very much. The price elasticity of your product or service can be determined through various market testing techniques. Place: This term really refers to any way that the customer can obtain a product or receive a service. Provision of a product or service can occur via any number of distribution channels, such as in a retail store, through the mail, via downloadable files, on a cruise ship, in a hair salon, and so on The ease and options through which you can make your product or service available to your customers will have an effect on your sales volume. Promotion: Promotion is concerned with any vehicle you employ for getting people to know more about your product or service. Advertising, public relations, point-of-sale displays, and word-of-mouth promotion are all traditional ways for promoting a product. Promotion can be seen as a way of closing the information gap between would-be sellers and would-be buyers. Your choice of a promotional strategy will be dependent upon your budget, the type of product or service you are selling, and availability of said promotional vehicle.

Essay on SUNFLOWER SEEDS by Chinese artist Ai WeiweiEssay Writing Service

Essay on SUNFLOWER SEEDS by Chinese artist Ai WeiweiEssay Writing Service Essay on SUNFLOWER SEEDS by Chinese artist Ai Weiwei Essay on SUNFLOWER SEEDS by Chinese artist Ai WeiweiSunflower Seeds is an installation of the famous contemporary Chinese conceptualist artist Ai Weiwei (1957) first opened in 2010 in the Turbine Hall of London contemporary art gallery Tate Modern. Through his installation the Chinese dissident artist transmits a variety of meanings to the audience, ideological values and beliefs of different levels. What we see is surely directly affected by what we know and what we believe as Berger (8) reasonably marks, and on a whole, this masterpiece of minimalism truly combines a huge variety of ideas and themes, strategies and tactics of the artist, who manages to be both a traditionalist and an innovator, domestic and cosmopolitan, esthete and politician, individualist and social activist. Being the way to satirize and dramatize over China’s revolutionary past, Sunflower Seeds is also a work to glorify Chinese traditions and Chinese people, as well as think over the contemporaneity and future of global civilization in general.The project is presented in the form of more than 100 million porcelain sunflower seeds strewn over the area of the largest hall of the museum. Porcelain sunflower seeds cover an area of 1000 square meters with a 10 cm layer and weigh about 150 tons. The uniqueness of this exhibit is that each seed is full sized and is hand-made by from china by artisans from Jingdezhen, the homeland of the famous Chinese porcelain. More than half a million Chinese workers worked on the exposition for 2.5 years. Each element was made and painted individually using an old multi-step technology of porcelain processing, which makes the installation even more unique. According to Ai Weiwei, to understand China with its history it is not enough to read books about it, it is necessary to see everything live, to be able to â€Å"touch† the history, therefore in the first days of the display the installation was not fenced, i.e. viewers could go through this â€Å"boundless, gray sea† and form their own ways of seeing.Thus, on the surface is the idea that the porcelain seeds directly symbolize the millions of Chinese people, similar in appearance but different inside. At first glance, the seeds, the amount of which exceeds the population of Beijing five times, seem to be identical as people in the crowd, but each seed was made manually special and therefore none of the seeds is like another. In this way, Ai Weiwei fills minimalism with Chinese features: nowhere else but in China the aesthetics of ordered plurality can have such an obvious social and political meaning. In support of this idea, it should be noted that it is not the first time the artist addresses the myths and realities of Chinese multiplicity. During another of his outstanding exhibitions which took place three years before at the German festival Documenta and was called â€Å"Fairytale† Ai Weiwei declared that he would bring to Kassel 1001 Chinese providin g them with everything from tickets to luggage. The town where the Grimm brothers wrote their famous tales would have made fabulously happy the semiliterate peasants and workers, which simultaneously touched the issue of Western culturalization of ignorant nations, and current Chinese modernization because the current economic growth does not benefit ordinary people, and for them all kinds of Biennale and modernism are like fairy tales. By Sunflower Seeds, the artist also brings the question of the role of the individual, the little man in the modern fast-changing globalized world: there are billions of us, and we all are aimlessly scattered around the world just as these porcelain seeds, where masses suppress individuality and personality mutates into pulp (Weiwei).At the same time, this raises the issue of everyday hard work of millions of Chinese people, the issue of economics and resources of China. In particular, Ai Weiwei demonstrates how the work of many artisans from porcel ain cooperatives forms in a work of art into one unending rustle of porcelain shells. The room full of man-made seeds strikes the imagination, and the viewer leaves the hall realizing that the origins of the Chinese economic wonder lie in the hard work of the Chinese nation. In addition, porcelain (or china), at the time, became the synonym to China and Ai Weiwei used exclusively the traditional method of porcelain production, which historically has been among the most expensive Chinese exports. As Tate Modern review runs, â€Å"Sunflower Seeds† offer us a closer look at the phenomenon of â€Å"Made in China† and the geopolitics of cultural and economic exchange today. In particular, the audience is invited to think on the fact that Tate row for several years fed many anything but wealthy Chinese families. On the one hand, it is an irony about modern art launched on the conveyor and weary from the crisis of overproduction, when any commodity may become a spectacle (Deb ord 118). On the other hand, there is no cynicism towards the collective author, because the master shows an example of non-traditional use of traditional Chinese material. He believes that china could again find many applications in our modern lives, and teaches society to think big and creatively toward finding new meanings for traditional things.Some may compare the visual effect of the installation with late landscapes by Monet when impressionist tried to convey the water surface on canvas. However, most interpreters will probably see not a natural element in â€Å"Sunflower Seeds†, but the human drama. Indeed, at a deeper level, â€Å"Sunflower Seeds† is a reference to the Cultural Revolution in China 1966-76, and the chaos it spawned. At the time, the image of Mao Zedong on propaganda posters was likened to the sun, under which blossomed the people of China (Clunas 119). Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party was also portrayed surrounded by sunflowers with rays coming from Mao as if from the sun. In this regard, Chinese conceptual artist Ai Weiwei associates millions of sunflower seeds with the Chinese people ready to turn their heads after Mao and his legacy, whereas in real life for the people who experienced the agricultural experiments of the Great Leap Forward and the following years a handful of seeds could be salvation from starvation. In addition, for the old Chinese intellectuals the floor covered with spit husk which party activists often left after their meetings became a symbol of the new lumpen proletarian order of the 1960’s. Here the artist, who grew up in communist China, indulges in apprehension of this traumatic experience both in jest and earnest.Thus, Ai Weiwei’s art often formally relies on utopian ambitions of the â€Å"new world† of constructivism. At the same time, the artist creates subtle political works that take a critical stance against radical changes taking place in China. In general, th e works by Ai Weiwei are so simple and so symbolic that people even very far from the problems of contemporary art need no explanations of critics to understand the hidden meaning of his works and versatility of their message.

Econ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Econ - Essay Example As such both the anti-trust laws and intellectual property right laws are at odds with each other due to their potential differences. Though both the legal regimes may seem quite non-relative with each other as intellectual property rights deal with the protection of certain rights over any kind of technological or other advances made whereas the anti-trust laws specifically deal with the competition and how market should be regulated. It is however, argued that both are linked in the sense that government attempt to create so called justified value in the market in a bid to unite the market. This paper will discuss the paradox of what intellectual property rights and anti-trust laws prevent and permit respectively and how this paradox can be solved. Intellectual Property Rights and Anti-trust laws Intellectual property rights are given in order to provide exclusive rights for different intangible assets to the owners of these assets. Most commonly Intellectual Property Rights or IPR are granted by giving or registering patents, trademarks, copyrights as well as industrial design rights. It is however; critical to understand IPRs are becoming increasingly more important not just only in the trade related issues at the national and international level but they are also becoming a matter of daily routine. This aspect of the IPRs therefore makes them critically more important to gain increasingly more significance from the social perspective also. It is argued that there is no uniform definition or explanation of the intellectual property rights at the global level however, different agreements and treaties have actually being made in order to iron out the anomalies and bring in harmony at the national level in the intellectual property rights. World Intellectual Property Organization defines intellectual property rights as â€Å"creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images and designs used in commerce†. (WIPO). This definition is relatively different from what has been defined by World Trade Organization. Definition by WTO suggests that intellectual property rights give exclusive rights to the creators of mind’s inventions to use them for certain period of time. The above definitions therefore suggest that intellectual property rights and their legal implications are still to be defined in uniform manner. Anti-trust laws however, are related with the concept of competition which is purely and economic concept and refer to a market based mechanism. Under this mechanism, everyone is allowed to enter and trade in the market freely and without any restrictions and should be given equal treatment and fair chance to pursue one’s own economic interests. Competition however, also requires optimal allocation of resources and is considered only valuable when it is able to optimally allocate the resources in the market. What is also important to note that competition inherently require s that there should not be any barriers or unfair use of market power and use of unfair practices which can provide an unfair advantage to someone? Competition therefore advocates a fairly balanced and just market mechanism under which everyone is free to enter and exit the market

Information Studies Essay Exams Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Information Studies Exams - Essay Example The propensity for documents to be written and commented upon, another aspect that Brown discusses, has been greatly facilitated by the new generation of electronic documents. An electronic document is amenable to being processed and transmitted by electronic means. One of the major difficulties in moving away from physical to electronic documents stems from security concerns. In the case of physical documents, there is usually only one copy of sensitive information. This copy can be physically protected. In the case of electronic documents, theft of sensitive information is on the rise due to many reasons. The security of the documents and information are challenged by the proliferation of hackers and other forms of attack. Moreover, even where tight security measures are applied, these are, in many cases, restricted to storage and transmission of the documents only. Recipients of the information may unwittingly form breaches in the security system. At the same time, legislation such as the HIPAA makes it mandatory for organizations to take effective measures to protect the privacy of those dealing with them. Easy availability of information has also raised questions about governmental accountability against privacy of individuals. Government can access information about individuals more easily in the electronic age, and under certain circumstances officials of the government are authorized to do so. This creates a dilemma because it is very difficult to judge what constitutes essential intrusions into privacy. There are several social and ethical issues that arise as a result of increasing use of Information systems. The ethical issues broadly cover areas such as Information rights and obligations, property rights and obligations, and accountability. Cultural issues such as assimilation of technologies and development of trust, security issues that concern misuse or theft of information, and fraud, are some of the other

Leadership and Army Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership and Army - Essay Example In context of understanding human behavior, leadership has embraced this aspect as the very basis of its body of knowledge. Therefore, we will make use of the ideologies portrayed in works of movies and literature as we endeavor to study the dynamics of leadership. (Huckman, 2003) To start with, if we are look at our movies, we will find leadership qualities and the essence of army in this context well demonstrated in films like Minority Report. While the story of Minority Report as written by Phillip K Dick as a science fiction thriller, brought out the personal turmoil of a man in power - where the level of sacrifice is said to be greater; the movie had greater shades in terms of character and setting. This had a lot to do with the fact that the context of visualization had changed tremendously between the time when the story was written and actually portrayed on screen. Technology had greatly changed between 1956 and 2002. Minority Report is a multi dimensional film which chronicles the life of Precrime Officer Anderton (Tom Cruise). The movie continues over a vast canvas of colours, moods and personal dialogue, where the character, albeit a little softly in the beginning, treads through a morass of Michiavellian characters in the time of psychics or 'prec ogs' in Washington DC. (Spielberg, 2002) This journey brings him face to face with a discovery of personal strength and abilities wherein she must strategise where time and relationships are concerned. High level leaders, back stabbing subordinates and drama galore - the searing performance by Tom Cruise is one that does justice to every nuance of this film. Without being to obviously lofty, this film confronts the issues and challenges of leadership at a very basic level, with a strong element of reality thrown in. (Spielberg, 2002) Meanwhile, the book is the kind of reading that brings leadership and the inspiration to exercise the requisite qualities, to the masses even as it shows the possible reasons for discontent among high level leaders like generals in the army. It delves more on the role of the army rather than the characterization of Anderton. It demonstrates the ways and means in which a leader can keep his followers and men grounded and focussed, especially in times of high pressure and the temptation to succumb to countless problems and major adversity. The role of a leader is amplified in times of conflict and war with a greater demand on performance and output. Therefore, this volume is perfect in its thematic implications for the confrontation of leadership issues. (Dick, 1956) In accordance with the ideals of the story which are lacking in the actual film, in order to attain exponential growth in terms of effectiveness, a leader must, first and foremost delegate authority at the general's level. This has a two fold logic to it. First, it helps the leader tackle his work in a more organized manner, without compromising on the quality he churns out - when a leader has too much on his head, there are more chances that he will stumble. (Huckman, 2003) The other side to this is that when a leader manages to delegate authority which leads to the desired output, it shows that he has a commanding disposition and is fit to be a leader. Further, a leader must give orders in a tone that has underscores of compassion for fellow human beings and will power, in equal measures. This will not

Hyderabad city

Hyderabad city Introduction: Hyderabad, the capital city of the state of Andhra Pradesh is one of the fast growing urban assortments in India. It is located on the Deccan plateau which is in the southeast part of India and it is a typical inland city .Hyderabad has a semi-arid climate and an annual rain fall of 75 centimeters. The city of Hyderabad is famous for its lakes; it has about 5 lakes surrounding it. These lakes help in the water supply for the city of Hyderabad. Hyderabad has one of the most beautiful lakes with boating facilities for visitors. These places also offer sports like Para sailing, water scooter, etc. these lakes are home for many migrating birds. Hyderabad has a population of 5.2 million inhabitance that is the quarter of the population of the state of Andhra Pradesh and it has a population growth rate of 10% a year. Other than the population Hyderabad has an uncontrolled industrial growth in and around itself. Due to the population and the industries surrounding Hyderabad the demand for water supply is very high. The water that is necessary is provided by the river Musi and the 5 lakes surrounding it these 5 lakes are Hussain sagar Saroornagar lake Osman sagar Himyat sagar Shamirpet Lake These lakes in Hyderabad are manmade which serve the purpose of storage and supply of water of the great city of Hyderabad. Hyderabad gets its rain in the south west monsoon period in the Indian climatic chart. Most of the rain fall occurs in the months of June to September. What these lakes do is they store this rain water so it can be utilized in the time of need. Hyderabad is known as the â€Å"city of pearls†. The city is a major hub for information technology industries as well as pharmaceutical industries, biotech industries. Due to the presence of so many people and industries the demand for water supply is more, and this demand for water supply is provided by the lakes surrounding Hyderabad. (Ramachandraiah, C. and Sheela Prasad (2004, 2003)). The main water sources and the water suppliers for the city of Hyderabad comes from the various water projects that are surrounding it the following table will explain this Pressure On Water Use: Hyderabad is a large city with a huge population having many industries and a large agriculture area because of this water coming from a single source is not sufficient; this is where the lakes surrounding Hyderabad help. First we should identify the key water users who we need to supply water. The water that is supplied from these lakes is used for Agriculture Industries Household Recreation Environmental uses Agriculture: agriculture is essential for the production of food and to cultivate we need water. So the water that is stored in these lakes is supplied for agricultural purposes by using pipe lines but mostly in India water needed for agriculture is used from bore wells. In Hyderabad 35% of the water is supplied for agriculture. Industries: industries play a vital role in Hyderabad and Hyderabad is a place where new industries are being built every ware .in order for these industries to run sufficient water should be supplied. These industries are located in Patancheru, Bolaram, BHEL, Hi-tech city; generally 15% of the citys water is supplied to these areas. Household: 40% of the water that is being supplied to Hyderabad is used for household purposes .Since it is a city it contains many people and also because of the industries people will be visiting due to this a large amount of water is needed this water is supplied by the lakes surrounding it. Recreation: 5% of the water that is being supplied to Hyderabad is used for recreation purposes like water parks like Ocean Park; Jalvihar.This water is also used for golf course which is at Bolaram. The water used in swimming pools also comes under recreational purposes where Hyderabad ha s a lot of swimming pools around it. Environmental purposes: in this water usage includes artificial lakes intended to create wildlife habitat, fish ladders, and water releases from reservoirs timed to help fish spawn and the Hussain Sagar Lake was created mainly for this function and it is located in the center of the city. Demand /Supply Issues: For the city of Hyderabad there are many demand and water supply issues which need to be kept in mind considering the population and economic growth if we need to fix this problem we need to identify and develop new supply sources almost continually. Increase in population growth rate, overexploitation of ground water, poor sewage treatment, declining surface water resources and deterioration of ground water quality these are the major water related issues in Hyderabad. The major supply and demand issues and the factors that affect this for Hyderabad are concerned with the following Population growth: Hyderabad has a Population of 5.2 million and having a growth rate of 2.5% ever year is considered to be a large city and the population is very high because of this the supply and the demands needs of the citizens are not met correctly .Due to this large population supply of the required amount of water is very difficult. Increased affluence: This is also an issue due to the increase in population and poverty in India increasing affluence without doubt means more water consumption from needing clean fresh water 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and basic hygiene service. Rapid urbanization: Due to the rapid urbanization of the city of Hyderabad and its constant expansion because of this it requires investment in water infrastructure in order to deliver water to individuals and to process the concentrations of wastewater, because of this rapid urbanization the water supply to all the people is not going well and this has become a major issue. Expansion of business activity: since Hyderabad is a large city and a site for many businesses and industries and also the number of industries and businesses are growing in a constant rate due to this it will attract many people and it will lead to urbanization an increase in population and because of this increase there will be in issue for supply of water for all these people. Climate change: climatic change plays an important role in the supply of water for the city of Hyderabad every year the amount of rainfall is decreasing or due to the climate change the rainfall is not falling in the sufficient time. Because of this there is an issue in the supply of water for the city of Hyderabad. Pollution and water protection: Due to the dumping of pollution into the rivers and lakes that are produced by humans and industries surrounding Hyderabad the water in them cannot be used and the water protection is also not so grate so we cannot use this water, due to this the supply of water is gradually decreases. This is by far one of the major issues concerned with the water bodies surrounding Hyderabad. Pressures On Water Quality: In addition to encroachments, pollution of lake waters by untreated domestic sewage and toxic industrial effluents has been going on over the years in the city of Hyderabad. The lakes that used to provide drinking water do not do so now. First in the city of Hyderabad there were supposed to be six industrial areas but there are now twelve areas and also many of these industries are located near the lakes due to which all the lakes are getting polluted because of the wastes that are coming out from these industries. Because of these effluents that are coming out from the industries the lakes are becoming toxic and because of this toxicity the lakes are becoming devour of any life. Some of the important rivers polluted by the industrial effluents are Bollaram, Isakavagu, Nakkavagu, and Manjeera. A study conducted by HUDA showed that 18 water bodies we most polluted while 67 were less polluted and out of the 36 lakes only 6 lakes were in useable condition. The pollution control board was unsuccessful in implying the Environment Protection Act, 1986, the Water Act, 1974 and the Air Act, 1981.HUDA gave particulars abort 169 lakes covering an area of 90.56sq.km.amongs these 25 are private, 62 are governments and 82 are partly government partly private. According to the law these areas must be kept from any construction to prevent any type of pollutions to the lakes and to allow free flow of water into the lakes. There are about 200 Central and State laws to protect environment in India (Sinha, 2001:47). As per section 24 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, poisonous, noxious or polluting matter shall not be discharged, directly or indirectly, into water bodies, sewers or on land. Similarly, under sections 7 of the Environment Protection Act, 1986 Ã¢â‚¬Ë œno person carrying on any industry, operation or process shall discharge or emit or permit to be discharged or emitted any environmental pollutant in excess of such standards as may be prescribed (Divan and Rosencrantz, 2001: 653, 676).The government of Indias (GOI, 1992) policy statement on abatement of pollution declares four guiding principles with the objective of integrating environmental considerations into decision making (Ibid.: 36): (i) prevention of pollution at source, (ii)adoption of the best available technology, (iii) the polluter pays principle, and (iv) public participation in decision making Referencing: Ramachandraiah, C. and Sheela Prasad (2004) â€Å"Impact of Urban Growth on Water Bodies: The Case of Hyderabad†, Working Paper No. 60, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad. Ramachandraiah, C. (2003): â€Å"Urbanisation and Urban Services†, in Hanumantha Rao, C.H. and S. Mahendra Dev (eds.) Andhra Pradesh Development: Economic Reforms and Challenges Ahead, CESS, Hyderabad. Sinha, S. (2001) ‘Environmental Protection: Role of Constitutional Courts, in Contribution of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in the Development of Constitutional Law, High Court of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. GoI, (1992) Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution. Delhi: Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Divan, S. and A. Rosencranz (2001) Environmental Law and Policy in India: Cases, Materials and Statues. New Delhi: Oxford.

Perfect Storm Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Perfect Storm by Sebastian Junger was an account of an immense storm and its destructive path through the North Atlantic. In late October of 1991, many a crew of several different fishing ships left their port for their final haul. Little did they know that they would soon cross paths with one of the greatest storms ever recorded. This particular storm would create huge swells, high winds, and hard rain. The system was said to be a â€Å"perfect storm† because all of the elements were just right to create the worst imaginable storm ever seen claimed some meteorologists. Such a storm left little room for rescue if one’s boat got into trouble. But there were those daring rescues from the Coast Guard during the storm that saved the lives of many and cost the life of one. These men risked their lives for the safety of others and have earned the title of â€Å"hero.† The Para rescue jumpers and pilots, our heroes in The Perfect Storm, had a re sponsibility to the well being of everyone at sea. When a distress call was made, it was their duty to answer it to the best of their ability. It seemed â€Å"to the best of their ability† meant do the job until they died trying. These men had undergone extensive training in their fields to prepare for such situations as the perfect storm presented them. The PJ’s had undergone a highly selective process that many Navy SEALS could not complete. And the pilots of the helicopters and jets showed tremendous skill as they navig...