The Computer Ethics | Essay

The Computer Ethics | Essay The computer and the Internet is probably the greatest tool that people rely on in the modern world today. However, they are the most unrestricted form of technology. Identity theft, stealing, fraud, and plagiarizing can now be done electronically and anonymously. There are people in the world that intend to hurt others through the computer. As such, it is important to not only understand a code of ethics to prevent harming yourself and others, but to also develop methods to protect yourself. Code of Ethics It is always important that when operating a computer that one does not harm other people. Unethical decisions in the use of the computer are as varying and harmful as acts committed directly against other people. The internet is very vast, and it does contain information and data, but it also provides dangers. There are as many dangerous activities through the internet as outside the computer and then some. Viruses, hacking, committing fraud, plagiarizing can all be done through a computer. Therefore, a code of honor should be established for anyone wishing to use the computer. Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics. The Computer Ethics Institute created the Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics. 1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people. 2. Thou shalt not interfere with other peoples computer work. 3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other peoples computer files. 4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal. 5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness. 6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid. 7. Thou shalt not use other peoples computer resources without authorization or proper compensation. 8. Thou shalt not appropriate other peoples intellectual output. 9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing. 10. Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that insure consideration and respect for your fellow humans. (Lee) Personal Care. A computer is personal property to the owner, and he or she may do as they wish with the computer. However, a computer is the same as any property such as a house or a car. It is important to take care of the computer so that it operates safely as long as possible. This means to avoid any behaviors that would harm the computer or that will harm you. An example is giving personal information to sites that should not be trusted and could result in identity theft. Maintain an anti-virus software program to prevent virus attacks and always maintain and update the Computer. If a computer was a car, the same rule applies. A car should regularly be checked and sent for a tune-up. Respect Property. As always, it is important to take care of your computer. However, it is just as important to respect and properly use other computers. The same old rule applies; treat others property as you want your property to be treated. There are several risky behaviors on the computer that can harm it, and should be avoided on another persons computer. As a general rule, treat another computer better than your own. Not only does this apply to a friends personal computer, but also to the computers at school or at the library that provide public access. Remember that access to these computers is a privilege and should be respected. There are several important behaviors to observe when operating a different computer than your own. First, never operate a computer without permission. There may be special circumstances that you may be unaware. Second, always take good care of the equipment; the keyboard, the mouse, CDs, and hard drive itself. Finally, never download material or do anything potentially harmful to the computer. An illegal act could cause trouble for the owner or harm the computer and information it contains. Intellectual Property Intellectual property is any creation of the mind. Certain property is protected under Copyright Law, such as: Scientific discoveries Works of art or literature Inventions Designs Films or television programs Trademarks and names Computer programs Entertainment The Internet and Intellectual Property. As mentioned several times, the Internet is a source of a vast amount of information. The Internet is not a library or book, the Internet is for the most part unmanaged, unedited, unsupervised; anyone can post information on Internet for all to see. (Emmans) Information or creative works are not limited to copyright protected companies or organizations. Anyone can place information or creative work on the Internet. There are no physical boundaries to protect against the infringement of copyright. With free access to the Internet, any user may steal information anonymously and claim it as their own and this makes Intellectual Property almost unenforceable on the Internet. Protecting Against Plagiarism. Fortunately, there are tools available on the Internet to ensure users that they properly give credit to the information on the Internet. First, many sites available assist students in creating the proper citations for their sources. Good examples of these include Easybib and Citationmachine. These sites allow the user to enter the information of the source that they used, from either the Internet or elsewhere, and the device creates the proper citation. Jus the same, there are websites available to check the authenticity of a source of information, either a website or another type of information. An example is Turnitin.com, which allows teachers to analyze students work for plagiarized information. Other sites can be used to find if other website is credible or not. Finally, databases are an excellent tool for student or researchers. Databases contain well-documented articles from professional journals to even whole books, while also providing the sour ce information. Any student should take advantage of the tools available on the Internet to properly cite information and to find real sites. Placing Information on the Internet. When placing items on the Internet always make sure that the source of the information or media is cited. Also, when running a website, always include information to the ownership of the site and when it was updated. In this way, people can cite your website if they wish. Also, when maintaining a website, update regularly and maintain the site constantly. A website that has not been updated in years or does not have the proper links does not appear to be a good website. Limiting Access Free Speech. In American, everyone has a right to free speech, but where does this cross the line on the Internet? While people have a freedom of speech, there are limits in the physical world. For example, a person cannot slander or falsify against someone that will harm them. For example, claiming that a political opponent stole money from the treasury when this is not true is illegal. However, in the realm of the Internet, where there are no boundaries or enforcement, anything that can be said is said without punishment. The Internet is an excellent source of information, but as said before, websites should be evaluated before they are considered trustworthy or capable. An excellent example is Wikipedia, a free-access reference site. The site is well maintained and there is plenty of information with credible sources. However, anyone can edit a page on Wikipedia, and some of the facts may be false if not blatantly. In addition, on the Internet, there is a large amount of media, music, videos and images, even derogatory images and videos. Given that there is free-access, children may accidentally find these inappropriate images from innocent searches. Schools and Libraries. Schools and Libraries can help protect students and children from unrestricted access to the Internet. School and Library servers can now be fitted with restrictions that will block harmful or inappropriate websites. For students, this is very helpful in keeping them from exploring harmful sites while still having access to find information. In Libraries, it is important to protect the computers and restrictions on the internet help in this task, since many people come and go on the computers. (Emmans) Parental Control. Still the best protection for children is parental oversight. Children should not operate the computer or navigate the Internet themselves. This should also be applied to teenagers. Cindy Emman writes, A minor walking into a store to try to buy pornography can be stopped; a minor logging into the Internet can easily pose as an adult no one is the wiser. Parents should monitor teens use of the computer and teach their children proper use of the internet. (Emmans) Conclusion There are many concerns for the use of the computers. There are many harms that are created by others and there are harms created by the operator. Fortunately, there are methods developing to defend against harmful viruses, internet theft, and plagiarizing. The key for the prosperity of the computer is that each owner of the computer exhibits proper behavior, and anyone can turn to the Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics as a guide. Remember; never do anything that would harm another.

The Objectivity of History :: Expository Essays Research Papers

The Objectivity of History The issues that are raised in this source by Marc Trachtenberg are is whether or not objectivity is still a relevant idea, and if it is not then is history in fact dying. Keith Jenkins' "What is History?," Carl Becker's "What are Historical Facts?" and Richard Evans' "In Defence of History" will be used to discuss and examine these issues. Marc Trachtenberg is questioning if objectivity is possible and desirable in today's society, and this is a question that many historians have pondered. Keith Jenkins and Richard Evans are the two historians that will be used in relation to this debate. Trachtenberg believes that history should be ultimately obtainable however, he is worried that the way in which society is heading that it will soon become an obsolete ideology. His believes that history's ultimate goal is to discover the truth. Trachtenberg believes that you should "put your political beliefs aside and frame questions in such a way that the answers turned on what the evidence showed." He realizes that this may be a slightly naà ¯ve idea however he still stands by this belief even when others such as Keith Jenkins have totally given up on objectivity. Keith Jenkins in his article "What is history" sets outs his opinion on why objectivity is in fact impossible to achieve in the study of history. His perception is that that "actual past has gone" and in its place we have created history in the present and that the "content is as much invented as found." His theory is that a historian cannot escape his or her own preconceived ideas and personal motives to the extent that history could be written in an objective way. He goes as far to set out the steps and within the reasons why historians write the way they do. He says that through the selection of evidence the historian's prejudices are at work, disregarding pieces that do not fit in with their own ideologies. Jenkins was a post modernist historian and his context is important in why he thought they way he did. The post modernist movement was one that believed that historical objectivity was an oxymoron and that history was more of an entertainment than an arm of academic study. The post modernism movement was established after the confusion of the World Wars. This explains why their notions on history because scientific history had been the prevailing idea in history until this occurred.

Malaysian Speech Language Pathologists Practices Education Essay

1.0 IntroductionThe best indicant to find the local prevalence of kids with developmental disablement is from international surveies which have suggested that more than 10 % of all kids in the universe have developmental disablement ( Amar 2008 ) . Using this rate to local population under 15 old ages old with the figure of 9.2 million ( Department of Statistics Malaysia 2011 ) , approximative 920,000 kids with disablement would be found in Malaysia. Speech Language Pathologists ( SLPs ) play a important function in assisting the communicating development of individuals ( ASHA 2005 ) so that they are able to populate inclusively in society as stated in Persons with Disabilities Act 2008 ( Government of Malaysia 2008 ) . In the mid-1990, merely less than five Speech Language Diagnosticians who trained overseas were working locally in Malaysia which ensuing of amazing 1: 2.5 million Speech Language Pathologist to people ratio ( Ahmad 2010 ) . Finally, formal local Speech Language Pathologist preparation started in the late 1990 ( Sharma 2008 ) . Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) is the innovator to offer Bachelor of Speech Science with Honors while Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) began offering their Speech Pathology plan in 2004-2005. By 2011, more than 175 Speech Language Pathologists had graduated from the universities ( Aishah 2012- unpublished ) and are functioning to the community in different scenes. Lian & A ; Abdullah ( 2001 ) found that the profession of Speech Language Pathologist is still in its babyhood phase in Malaysia. The profession still needs old ages to turn and maturate ( Kosta 2005 ) . Indeed, many Malayan Speech Language Diagnosticians have indicated that they face great challenges to keep good profession patterns. The challenges are unfavourable working environment, deficit of Speech Language Pathologists, high caseload, small chances for go oning instruction and other factors ( Ahmad 2010 ; Sharma 2008 ) . Despite many challenges that affect Malayan Speech Language Pathologists patterns when pull offing instances, the balance between pragmatism and professionalism should be achieved in order to supply equity and quality of service proviso ( Ahmad 2010 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . American Speech-Language-Hearing Association ( ASHA ) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) define Developmental Disability ( DD ) as terrible chronic conditions that occur in an single due to physical and or mental damage. Examples of developmental disablement are rational disablement such as Down ‘s syndrome, neuromuscular upsets such as intellectual paralysis, sightlessness, hearing damage, larning disablements, epilepsy, and Autism Spectrum Disorder ( ASD ) ( Decoufle et al. 1994 ) . The oncoming of the conditions is before 22 old ages of age and will normally stay throughout the person ‘s life-time. Peoples with developmental disablement have restrictions and jobs in his or her major functional life activities such as acquisition, working, walking, speech production and other countries ( ASHA 2005 & A ; CDC 2011 ) . Paul ( 2001 ) described kids in the Developing Language Stage ( DLS ) as group of kids who are still at the period of larning to unite words into sentences and they have expressive vocabularies larger than 50 words. Developing Language Phase occurs between 2 and 5 old ages of age for typical developing kids. Another manner to depict Developing Language Stage is that it refers to linguistic communication degree in Brown ‘s Stage II-V. This indicated average lengths of vocalization ( MLU ) of more than two but less than five morphemes. The type of sentence produced by them are at the scope of additive simple sentences with outgrowth of grammatical morphemes, like â€Å" my cat ‘s feeding † to intensify sentences, like â€Å" I drink milk and daddy drink java † ( Shipley & A ; McAfee 2009 ) . Developing Language Phase is the most explosive phase of linguistic communication development for kindergartner to develop from telegraphic vocalizations to basic sentence constructions ( Paul 2001 ) . For kids with developmental disablement, they needs appropriate intercession to travel through this phase ( Paul 2001 ; International Centre for Allied Health Evidence 2007 ; Law et al. 2010 ) . Hence, this is an of import passage gate for them to either remain at the same phase or to turn and come in the Language for Learning Stage. Malayan Speech Language Pathologists play great function to ease the acquisition of this group of kids. This is because mean caseload seen by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists particularly those who are working general infirmary consists of paediatric instances ( Aishah 2012- unpublished ; Sharma 2008 ) . From all the paediatric instance, Speech Language Disorder ( SLD ) is the most prevailing type of communicating damage seen by Speech Language Patholo gists in general infirmary ( Aishah 2012- unpublished ) . Therefore, this survey will function as a mention for the professionals in address and linguistic communication pathology about the pattern by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage. Opinions and recommendations by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists sing the bing issues will besides be collected to give more in-depth apprehension about the pattern by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists. Besides, this survey will supply feedbacks to the professional associations & A ; universities about the development of Malayan Speech Language Pathologists. Clinical pattern guidelines related to communicating upset in kids are good documented by professional association from western states because they provide relevant statements sing clinical direction that are based on the available current groundss including adept clinical sentiments ( Hargrove et al. 2008 & A ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . The guidelines besides assist Speech Language Pathologists in clinical determination devising procedure and to supply high criterions of minimal best patterns services ( Hargrove et al. 2008 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Looking back to Malaysia, guideline constitution for the profession of speech linguistic communication pathology in the local context is still developing due to limited resources and work force. Based on the guidelines documented by American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and Royal College of Speech Language Therapists ( RCSLP ) , few common chief clinical procedures are highlighted and overly discussed to guarantee minimal best pa ttern to be practiced by the Speech Language Pathologists. The procedures are attack used in direction, appraisal, planning and intervention ( ASHA 2005 ; Gerber & A ; Prizant 2008 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Approach used in speech linguistic communication pathology direction could be delivered utilizing different attacks harmonizing to the state of affairs by either working independently or in close partnership with squad members ( SPA 2001 ) . However, coaction that involves household centered, squad working and culturally appropriate services is able to guarantee effectual direction to the kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage ( ASHA 2005 ; Diane 2011 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Family-centered is a set of interrelated beliefs, rules and values that practiced by the facilitators including Speech Language Pathologists to back up and beef up the kid ‘s household capacity to heighten and advance his development and acquisition ( Dunst 2002 ) . Through working in a multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary squad, Speech Language Diagnosticians do non provides services in isolation. Alternatively, this teaming establishes a joint intent and shared ends throughout the direction among the households, professionals and the kid ( ASHA 2005 ) . The cultural background of the households and the kid with Developmental Disability is really meaningful in service proviso particularly in Malaysia, a state which is good known by its multi-ethnicity, multi-cultures and multi-linguistics. Multicultural fluctuations that ever encountered by Speech Language Diagnosticians are values about acquisition, beliefs and perceptual experience about kid functions in the household, outlooks for child behaviour at different developmental degrees and household perceptual experiences and attitudes toward a â€Å" disablement † ( Diane & A ; Froma 2011 ) . Assessment involves roll uping relevant informations about the kid ‘s conditions to make a diagnosing while diagnosing entails placing and understanding the jobs or shortages of the kid ( Paul 2001 ) . Both assessment and diagnosing are ongoing procedures because the diagnosing of the kid could alter over clip as the turning and development of him or her are besides ongoing ( Haynes & A ; Pindzola 2004 ) . The chief grounds for appraisal are to get at a good apprehension of the kid ‘s job, to set up the baseline degree of operation, to ease ends be aftering for intercession and to mensurate the advancement of the kid in intervention ( Haynes & A ; Pindzola 2004 ; Paul 2001 ) . Appraisal with kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage is encouraged to see all relevant modes across different contexts utilizing appropriate appraisal tools ( Paul 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ; Haynes & A ; Pindzola 2004 ) . In add-on, appraisal of developmental age or menta l age is normally used by Speech Language Pathologists during diagnosing to qualify the kid ‘s functional accomplishments. But, many Speech Language Pathologists excessively have been discouraged to trust entirely on the usage of developmental age appraisal during diagnosing because it could non reflect the high variableness among the kids ( DeVeney et al. 2012 ) . Based on the assessment findings, the planning of intercession plan specifies the ends and the procedure of intercession by sing the kid ‘s damage, demands and outlooks ( Paul 2001 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . The planning aims to place and develop meaningful and contributing acquisition environment for the kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage in functional day-to-day activities ( ASHA 2005 ) . Hence, relevant and possible schemes, contexts, issues, result and timeline should be documented to ease the service provided by Speech Language Pathologists is coordinated, comprehensive and holistic ( Diane 2011 ; Paul 2001 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Besides, Speech Language Diagnosticians are strongly encouraged to follow Evidence-Based Practice ( EBP ) to help clinical determination ( ASHA 2005 ; Brankenbury 2008 ; Diane 2011 ; Johnson 2006 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Evidence-Based Practice ( EBP ) encourages the Speech Language Patholog ists to take consideration of ( a ) current high-quality scientific research ; ( B ) Speech Language Pathologists expertness and experience ; and ( degree Celsius ) household ‘s penchants, values, and involvements ( Diane 2011 ) . It is an of import portion of effectual and ethical directions as it guides Speech Language Pathologists to extinguish methods which appear no or minimal clinical effects ( Brankenbury 2008 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Besides, Evidence-Based Practice besides helps the profession of speech linguistic communication pathology to accomplish higher answerability and credibleness ( Johnson 2006 ) . Effective instruction techniques ( ASHA 2005 ; Dunst et Al. 2011 ; Law et al. 1999 ; Law 2003 ) are really of import to find the result of the intervention plan. There are three types ‘ of intercession methods that are didactic, realistic, and combination of didactic & A ; realistic attacks ( Dunst et al. 2011 ; Law et al. 1999 ; Law 2003 ) . The classification of different type of intercession methods is non purposes for Speech Language Pathologists to take merely one method and utilize it systematically. In fact, it prepares a repertory of methods available for Speech Language Pathologists to fit the acquisition of the kid with the specific ends that have targeted ( Paul 2001 ) . In this manner, the efficiency of the intervention for the kid with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage is maximized. Introduction of appropriate stuffs or activities ( ASHA 2005 ) , single acquisition environment ( ASHA 2005 ; Dunst et Al. 2011 ) , assistive engineerings ( Sand ra & A ; Sahoby 2006 ) and Augmentative and Alternative Communication ( AAC ) systems ( Millar et Al. 2006 ; Rose et Al. 1999 ) are all portion of duties of Speech Language Pathologists in giving intervention to the kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage. These constituents facilitate the acquisition and growth of the kid in a familiar nature environment which is filled with synergistic communicating and societal routines/activities. Besides, the debut besides promotes the kid to generalise the new accomplishments to new state of affairs that would go on in mundane contexts. Back to Malaysia, Joginder Singh et Al. ( 2011 ) reported that Malayan Speech Language Pathologists demonstrated best pattern in many countries but fail to make in some other countries when supplying services to pre-symbolic kids. Approach used in speech linguistic communication pathology direction which consist the coaction of household centred, squad direction and culturally appropriate services is found barely practiced ( Lim 2008-unpublish ) ; Diane 2011 ; Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ; Othman 2010 ) . Furthermore, Lian & A ; Abdullah ( 2001 ) found that Malayan Speech Language Pathologists were likely to trust on informal appraisals because formal appraisals are limited in the local market. When measuring pre-symbolic kids, Malayan Speech Language Pathologists showed low trust of roll uping communicating sample and roll uping informations out of clinic ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ) . Looking into intercession pattern, Malayan Speech Language Pathologists demonstrate different int ercession attacks and techniques across different scenes ( Lian & A ; Abdullah 2001 ) . In other custodies, Augmentative and Alternative Communication ( AAC ) systems and assistive engineerings are non famously introduced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists to better the efficiency of the intervention plan ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ) .2.0 RESEARCH QUESTIONSHow Malayan Speech Language Pathologists holistically manage kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage? What are the bing issues faced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists when pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage? What are the recommendations for better pattern suggested by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists when pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage?3.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE3.1 General ObjectiveTo analyze Malayan Speech Language Pathologists ‘ patterns in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage.3.2 Specific AimsTo find the specific clinical constituents practiced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage as are attacks used, assessment, planning and intervention. To find the bing issues faced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage. To depict the recommendations suggested by Malayan Speech Language Diagnosticians of better pattern in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage.4.0 METHODOLOGY4.1 Research DesignThis is a cross-sectional qualitative and quantitative survey via study.4.2 Sampling PopulationThe population of this survey covers all Malayan Speech Language Pathologists.4.3 Study SiteParticipants will be recruited from all 14 provinces in Malaysia.4.4 Sampling MethodPurposive sampling method is used for this survey. All participants who fulfill the inclusion standards ( Please refer to 4.6 ) will be recruited.4.5 Sampling FrameThe contact lists of Speech Language Pathologists who graduated from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) and Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) will be obtained in order to administer the study to all alumnas members. The study will be besides mailed or/and posted to all Speech Language Pathologists working with Ministry of Health and to all members listed in the directories of local professional organic structures ( i.e. Malayan Association of Speech-Language & A ; Hearing ( MASH ) and others ) .4.6 Sample Inclusion CriterionParticipants inclusion standards: Qualified Speech Language Pathologists and practising locally. However, Speech Language Pathologists who have non had experience in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage will be indicated in the study to return the study without farther responses ( Please refer Appendix A ) .4.7 Sample Size CalculationAishah ( 2012-unpublish ) reported that there are 175 SLPs registered in the UKM and USM alumni from local universities by the twelvemonth 2011. Besides Speech Language Pathologists who have obtained their makings locally, Speech Language Pathologists who graduated from overseas are besides included in the survey, with the status that they are presently practising locally. Hence, the population of Malayan Speech Language Pathologists is estimated to be between the scope of 175 to 250 Speech Language Pathologists. The mean of the scope of 210 Speech Language Pathologists will be used as N, in the undermentioned computation: I†¡A?NP ( 1-P ) = 3.84 ten ( 210 ) ( 0.5 ) ( 1-0.5 ) dA? ( N-1 ) + I†¡A?P ( 1-P ) 0.05A? ( 210-1 ) + 3.84 ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 ) = 137 participants Happening of backdown and bead out of 10 % is farther considered in the sample size computation. Entire topics = nn__ 1-0.1 = _137_ 0.9 = 152 participantssubjects Therefore, a sum of 152 topics participants will be recruited in this survey.6.54.8 Data CollectionThe study utilized for this survey is adapted from several surveies that focus on happening similar results on SLP patterns ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ; Mustaffa Kamal et Al. 2012 ; Othman 2010 ; Stuck 2012 ) . The study is constructed utilizing English because the participants involved in this survey are qualified Malayan Speech Language Pathologists who have English proficiency. The study contains the undermentioned subdivisions: Part A: Demographic Data Part B: Specific Clinical Components 7 parts that are Demographic informations, Approaches used, Assessment, Planning, Treatment, Opinions sing bing issue and Recommendations of better pattern. Close-ended inquiries utilizing 5 points LikertLikert grading and multiple picks are included in the study. Besides, and open-eopen-ended inquiries are besides included. nded inquiries are included. ( Please refer to Appendix A ) . Survey and information sheet will be distributed to the Speech Language Pathologists SLPs via electronic mail and/or gpost. QuestionPro ‘s online study package will be used to administer the study via electronic mail. Meanwhile, Ffor Speech Language Pathologists SLPs who will have the study and information sheet via postmailing, a reply-paid envelope is included for them to return the study. SLPs will be informed that the returning of completed questionnaire study indicate consent to take part in this survey. A follow-up reminder electronic mail or phone call will be sent to Speech Language Pathologists SLP ten 10 yearss after the initial distribution. A 2nd reminder electronic mail or phone call will be sent 2 hebdomads subsequently.64..96 Validity and Reliability of SurveyThe study will be piloted on 10 participants. Concept, content and face cogency will be determined by modifying the points consequently ( following the pilot survey ) through feedback from the participants. To find how closely related the set of points are grouped in the study, internal dependability of the study constituents will be assessedachieved by ciphering Cronbach ‘s Alpha Coefficientusing Cronbach ‘s alpha. This will demo how closely related the set of points are as a group in the study.6.74.10 Statistical TrialThe quantitative informations obtained from closed-ended inquiries in the study will be analyzed utilizing descriptive statistics. From the study, 11 out of 20 closed-ended inquiries are far ther divided into sub-items. Hence, factor analysis via chief component analysis ( PCA ) is used as a information decrease technique. Items in the study that measured the same implicit in concept will be grouped together. Analysis method used by Mathers-Schmidt & A ; Kurlinski ( 2003 ) will be adopted in this survey. Descriptive statistics ( per centums ) of the grouped-items is calculated to look into the grade of which specific clinical constituents are used. First, to find which specific clinical constituents of Speech Language PathologistsSLPs ‘ pattern are most normally used, the per centum of responses for each reply option ( ne'er, seldom, sometime, normally, or ever ) will be calculated. Percentages of response for option â€Å" normally † and â€Å" ever † are combined. The specific clinical constituents are so categorized into 3 groups: ( 1 ) constituents usually/always used by 90 % or more of the topics ; ( 2 ) constituents usually/always used by 50-90 % of the topics ; and ( 3 ) constituents usually/always used by less than 50 % of the topics. Second, consistence of the specific clinical constituents practiced by the topics will be determined. The information will be categorized as follows: ( 1 ) extremely consistent-75 % of topics indicated the same frequence of usage ; ( 2 ) reasonably consistent-50-75 % topics indicated the same frequence of usage ; ( 3 ) and inconsistent-less than 50 % of topics indicated the same frequence of usage for a peculiar clinical constituent.6.84.11 Research Procedure6.94.12 Gantt ChartYear/Month Undertaking Activities 2012 2013 July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mac Apr May Literature Review Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Proposal Presentation Ten SurveyDevelopment Ten Ten Ten Application for Ethical motives Ten Ten Pilot Study Ten Ten Data Collection Ten Ten Ten Ten Datas Analysis Ten Ten Ten Ten Report Writing Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Concluding Presentation Ten6.104.13 Information Sheet and Consent FormThe information sheet that will administer to the topics is attached in Appendix B. Meanwhile, the topics will be informed that the returning of completed questionnaire indicate their consent to take part in this survey.

Nationalism Is a Recipie for Peace and International Order, Discuss.

â€Å"Nationalism is a recipe for peace and international order†. Discuss. Nationalism is primarily the belief in bringing the borders of the state in line with the boundaries of the nation, yet within it exist many strands which disagree as to how this ought to be done. Liberal Nationalism champions the idea that nations are sovereign entities, entitled to liberty, and also possessing rights, most importantly the right of self-determination. Therefore Liberalism does not condone forms of foreign dominion, and hence condemns expansionism through violence, and so may be described as maintaining peace.Furthermore, Liberal Nationalists believe that the ideal world would be constructed of independent, sovereign nation-states. They also believe that these nation-states are equal, like the individuals within them, and that each will be entitled to self-determinism and as all these nation-states are equal and no chauvinism exists, it cannot be stated that Liberal Nationalists would a dvocate expansionism due to a global hierarchy, as Expansionist Nationalism does. Liberal Nationalists believe that the establishment of a world of nation-states with equal self-determination is a means of establishing international peace and order.Past wars were merely a result of the ‘old order’ which was dominated by autocratic and militaristic empires which sought to obtain the dominions of other nations through violence in order for economic reasons or ideological ones. Democratic nation states would respect the national sovereignty of their neighbours and have no incentive to wage war or subjugate others. Liberal Nationalists believe that Nationalism is a force that is capable of promoting both unity within each nation and brotherhood amongst all nations on the basis of mutual respect for national rights and characteristics.Liberal Nationalists would argue that it would be almost impossible to achieve both peace and international order in a world which is not form ulated from nation-states, as these states would not be able to correctly legislate and satisfy the desires of the individuals which compose the nation and so stimulating internal aggravation, which if existent in every non-nation-state would lead to global conflict. However though promoting peace, there seems to be an internal contradiction within Liberal Nationalism.Though it preserves self-government and forbids foreign control, it also creates a world of sovereign nation-states in which each nation has the freedom to pursue its own interests, possibly at the expense of other nations. Though this may be made less of a possibility in recent times, with mechanisms such as democracy and constitutionalism in place, unlike in societies where liberals would state a ‘Social contract’ exists which prevent peoples freedom being infringed upon through others exercising their own freedoms, on an international scale this does not exist.This suggests that when sovereign nations o perate within conditions of ‘international anarchy’, self-restraint alone may not be sufficient to ensure what Kant called ‘Perpetual peace’. Liberal Nationalists have two means of ensuring that this perpetual peace exists in the modern world. The first of these is free trade. This serves as a deterrent to war as economic interdependence means that the material costs of international conflict are so great that warfare would prove extremely detrimental to the economic state and social welfare of all those involved.Secondly, the existence and creation of international organisations capable of bringing order to an otherwise lawless international scene would serve to promote and retain peace as international disputes may be settled by these organisations acting as neutral arbiters. This is exemplified by the League of Nations envisaged by Woodrow Wilson or more currently the United Nations. However, the belief that Nationalism may be a force for peace and inter national order is brought into doubt upon examination of the Expansionist Nationalism strand of Nationalism.Whilst Liberal Nationalism focuses on the establishment of a world of nation-states through self-determinism, Expansionist Nationalism focuses on territorial expansion justified through chauvinism and the existence of a racial hierarchy. This commitment to aggression and militarism held by Expansionist Nationalists may be described as the opposite of a principled belief in national self-determinism held by Liberal Nationalists. One justification for expansionism was its importance to society.Most prominent during the colonial era, war was advocated as a means of achieving national prestige. This imperialism resulted in jingoism in the successful country and was seen as promoting the image of that particular nation and so war was not so much portrayed as a negative if the conquerors emerged victorious. However, another justification would be that it is almost a moral obligation for those more advanced in the racial hierarchy to conquer the lands and civilise those who reside within them who are further down the hierarchy.Through this expansionism those exercising it would be making the world a better and essentially more peaceful place, as if this was exercised to the extreme of world domination the whole world would then conform to the views and beliefs on this original one nation and so also establishing world order. Yet the existence of chauvinism as a force within ideology does nothing to promote peace directly, as chauvinism is primarily an exaggerated, bellicose patriotism and a belligerent belief in national superiority and glory which would not fail to create conflict between nations as each struggle to survive or conquer.In conclusion, though the strands vary widely on their beliefs I believe that Nationalism is a recipe for international order and peace. This is due to the fact that though Expansionist Nationalism exists, it was mainly prominent in the Colonial Era and to be exercised in the current political climate would incur serious repercussions from international organisations such as the United Nations and so it is clear that Liberal Nationalism is the more widely followed strand. It is merely the chauvinism involved in Expansionist Nationalism which would serve to break down international order and peace as a pose to building it.